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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2025-33-5-372-379</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">edidss</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-1027</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка повреждений ДНК в клетках сперматогенного эпителия мышей DBA/2 и C57Bl/6 в условиях изолированного воздействия доксорубицина in vivo и после прекондиционирования β‑нафтофлавоном по данным иммунофлуоресцентного анализа γН2АХ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of DNA damage according to the data of γН2АХ immunofluorescence analysis in the spermatogenic epithelium cells of DBA/2 and C57Bl/6 mice under conditions of isolated exposure to doxorubicin in vivo and after preconditioning with β-naphthoflavone</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7814-8100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубенцева</surname><given-names>Юлия Васильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubentseva</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник, ФГУП «НИИ гигиены, профпатологии и экологии человека» ФМБА России, 188663, Ленинградская область, г. пос. Кузьмоловский, Россия</p><p>e-mail: yul9olub@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Leningrad Region, Kuzmolovsky urban settlement, 188663, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: yul9olub@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yul9olub@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8239-0345</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Вадим Борисович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Vadim B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, ФГУП «НИИ гигиены, профпатологии и экологии человека» ФМБА России, 188663, Ленинградская область, г. пос. Кузьмоловский, Россия</p><p>e-mail: popov@gpech.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher, Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Leningrad Region, Kuzmolovsky urban settlement, 188663, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: popov@gpech.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">popov@gpech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-6172</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельтюков</surname><given-names>Петр Петрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beltyukov</surname><given-names>Petr P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, ФГУП «НИИ гигиены, профпатологии и экологии человека» ФМБА России, 188663, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: beltiukov@rihophe.site</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. of Medical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Leningrad Region, Kuzmolovsky urban settlement, 188663, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: beltiukov@gpech.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">beltiukov@rihophe.site</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГУП «Научно-исследовательский институт гигиены, профпатологии и экологии человека» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>372</fpage><lpage>379</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Голубенцева Ю.В., Попов В.Б., Бельтюков П.П., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Голубенцева Ю.В., Попов В.Б., Бельтюков П.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golubentseva Y.V., Popov V.B., Beltyukov P.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1027">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1027</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Доксорубицин (Докс) – антрациклиновый антибиотик, цитотоксическое действие которого обусловлено интеркалирующим и алкилирующим эффектами при взаимодействии с ДНК. Последствиями повреждения ДНК являются двунитевые разрывы. β-нафтофлавон (βNF) – синтетический флавоноид, агонист арилгидрокарбонового рецептора (AhR), способствующий трансактивации цитохромов CYP1A, в том числе CYP1A1 – цитохрома, участвующего в метаболизме полиароматических углеводородов (ПАУ). Активность CYP1A1 определяет скорость образования реакционноспособных метаболитов ПАУ и степень повреждения ДНК в клетках. Считается, что метаболизм Докс происходит с участием многих ферментов, в том числе CYP3A4 и CYP2D6. Инбредные мыши C57Bl/6 и DBA/2 характеризуются особенностями AhR, которые определяют различия ответа животных разных линий на токсическое воздействие ПАУ.</p><p>Цель исследования – оценка степени повреждений ДНК в клетках сперматогенного эпителия, по данным иммунофлуоресцентного анализа фосфорилированного гистона γН2АХ, у самцов мышей двух инбредных линий, различающихся индуцибельностью AhR, при воздействии агониста AhR (βNF) и Докс.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. На самцах мышей линий DBA/2 и C57Bl/6 выполнена оценка токсического воздействия Докс на сперматогенный эпителий после однократного внутрибрюшинного введения (в/б) в дозе 10 мг/кг. Половина экспериментальных животных каждой линии получала βNF (50 мг/кг, в/б) в течение 4 дней, предшествующих введению Докс. Оценка повреждений ДНК в клетках семенника дана по результатам иммунофлуоресцентного анализа на биомаркер γН2АХ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. По результатам качественной и количественной оценки повреждений ДНК в клетках сперматогенного эпителия, по данным иммунофлуоресцентного анализа биомаркера γН2АХ, показаны различия в ответе мышей двух использованных линий на воздействие Докс. Прекондиционирование животных с использованием βNF способствует статистически значимому росту доли клеток с двойными разрывами ДНК в семенниках самцов линии C57Bl/6, и не оказывает влияния на увеличение доли таких клеток у самцов DBA/2.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование выполнено с применением иммунофлуоресцентного анализа для целей качественной и количественной оценки повреждений ДНК в клетках сперматогенного эпителия после воздействия токсических агентов на подопытных мышей in vivo и не позволяет учесть все возможные эффекты исследуемых веществ на процессы, протекающие в семенниках мыши. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результаты выполненного исследования позволяют говорить о наличии связи между прекондиционированием животных путём введения βNF и ростом доли клеток с повреждениями ДНК в семенниках мышей C57Bl/6. Для линии DBA/2 подобной взаимосвязи не выявлено. Учитывая множественные механизмы действия βNF на активность ферментов метаболизма ксенобиотиков, выявленные отличия в ответах мышей двух линий на токсическое воздействие Докс после прекондиционирования βNF могут объясняться не только пониженной индуцибельностью AhR, характерной для линии DBA/2, но и неочевидными эффектами, связанными с воздействием βNF на другие белковые мишени у генетически отличающихся животных.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Получено положительное заключение комиссии по биомедицинской этике ФГУП НИИ ГПЭЧ ФМБА России (Протокол № 2 от 16 декабря 2022 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Голубенцева Ю.В. – сбор материала, статистический анализ, написание текста; Попов В.Б. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование; Бельтюков П.П. – анализ и интерпретация данных, редактирование текста. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 21 августа 2025 / Поступила после исправления: 16 сентября 2025 / Принята в печать: 02 октября 2025 / Опубликована: 19 ноября 2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic whose cytotoxic action arises from its intercalating and alkylating effects upon interaction with DNA, leading to double-strand breaks. β-naphthoflavone (βNF) is a synthetic flavonoid, an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) that promotes the transactivation of cytochromes CYP1A, including CYP1A1 – cytochrome, involved in the metabolism of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The activity of CYP1A1 determines the rate of formation of reactive PAH metabolites and the degree of DNA damage in cells. Dox metabolism is believed to involve multiple enzymes, including CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Inbred C57Bl/6 and DBA/2 mice are characterized by AhR features that determine the differences in the response of animals of different lines to the toxic effects of PAHs.</p><p>The aim of the study was to assess the degree of DNA damage in spermatogenic epithelial cells according to immunofluorescence analysis of phosphorylated histone γН2АХ in male mice of two inbred strains differing in AhR inducibility when exposed to an AhR agonist (βNF) and Dox.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The toxic effects of Dox on the spermatogenic epithelium after a single intraperitoneal injection (i. p.) at a dose of 10 mg/kg were evaluated in male mice of the DBA/2 and C57Bl/6 strains. Half of the experimental animals of each strain received βNF (50 mg/kg, i. p.) for 4 consecutive days before treatment with Dox. Assessment of DNA damage in testicular cells was performed based on the results of immunofluorescence analysis for the γН2АХ biomarker.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. According to the results of qualitative and quantitative assessment of DNA damage in the cells of the spermatogenic epithelium, based on the immunofluorescence analysis of γН2АХ biomarker, differences in the response of the two murine strains used to the effects of Dox were shown. Preconditioning of animals using βNF contributes to a statistically significant increase in the proportion of cells with double DNA breaks in the testes of males of the C57Bl/6 strain, and does not affect the increase in the proportion of such cells in males of DBA/2.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study was performed using immunofluorescence analysis for the purpose of qualitative and quantitative assessment of DNA damage in the cells of the spermatogenic epithelium after exposure to toxic agents in experimental mice in vivo and does not allow taking into account all possible effects of the substances studied on the processes occurring in the mouse testes.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The results of the study suggest that there is dependence between preconditioning of animals with βNF and an increase in the ratio of cells with DNA damage in the testes of C57Bl/6 mice. No such relationship was found for the DBA/2 mice. Due to the multiplicity of βNF influence on the activity of the xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, the revealed differences in the response of two different strains to Dox exposure after pre-treatment with βNF can be explained not only by the reduced inducibility of AhR in DBA/2 mice, but also by non-obvious effects associated with the effects of βNF on other protein targets in genetically different animals.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. A positive conclusion was received from the Commission on Biomedical Ethics of the Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology of the FMBA of Russia. (Protocol No. 2 dated December 16, 2022).</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contribution</title><p>Authors’ contribution: Golubentseva Yu.V. – collecting material, statistical analysis, text writing; Popov V.B. – research concept and design, text writing, editing; Beltyukov P.P. – data analysis and interpretation, text editing. All co–authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: August 21, 2025 / Revised: September 16, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>доксорубицин</kwd><kwd>сперматогенный эпителий</kwd><kwd>двунитевые разрывы</kwd><kwd>γН2АХ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>doxorubicin</kwd><kwd>spermatogenic epithelium</kwd><kwd>double-strand breaks</kwd><kwd>γН2АХ</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meistrich M.L. 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