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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2025-33-6-393-400</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">skqrdj</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-1034</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспериментальная оценка и математическое моделирование комбинированной цитотоксичности свинца и меди in vitro на клетках нейробластомы IMR-32</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental evaluation and mathematical modeling of combined cytotoxicity of lead and copper in vitro on IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-7845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, зав. отделом токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-0008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабардина</surname><given-names>Лада Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabardina</surname><given-names>Lada V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный отрудник. отдела токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: lada.shabardina@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: lada.shabardina@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lada.shabardina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6718-3217</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панов</surname><given-names>Владимир Григорьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panov</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат ф-м. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории математического моделирования в экологии и медицине ИПЭ УрО РАН, 620219, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: panov.wlad1mir@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation; Senior Researcher, Scientific Laboratory for Mathematical Research of Ecology and Medicine, Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620219, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: panov.wlad1mir@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">panov.wlad1mir@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5872-2001</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бушуева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bushueva</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник НПО Лабораторно-диагностических технологий, ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: bushueva@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Research and Production Association of Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: bushueva@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bushueva@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>Марина Петровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, директор ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Director, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sutunkova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-0063</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Павловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник НПО Лабораторно-диагностических технологий, ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karpovaep@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Research and Production Association of Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karpovaep@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karpovaep@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский – научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский – научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора; Институт промышленной экологии Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers; Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский – научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора; ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers; Ural State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>393</fpage><lpage>400</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Минигалиева И.А., Шабардина Л.В., Панов В.Г., Бушуева Т.В., Сутункова М.П., Карпова Е.П., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Минигалиева И.А., Шабардина Л.В., Панов В.Г., Бушуева Т.В., Сутункова М.П., Карпова Е.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Minigalieva I.A., Shabardina L.V., Panov V.G., Bushueva T.V., Sutunkova M.P., Karpova E.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1034">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1034</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Для современных промышленных предприятий характерно загрязнение воздуха рабочих помещений многокомпонентной смесью химических веществ, комбинированное действие которых может значимо отличаться от их изолированного действия и оказывать различный токсический эффект. Экспериментальное изучение и математическое моделирование комбинированного воздействия токсичных металлов на различные системы и органы являются научной основой оценки профессионального и экологического риска.</p><p>Цель исследования – изучение комбинированной токсичности свинца и меди в эксперименте in vitro с использованием метода математического моделирования.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Экспериментальные исследования были проведены на модели in vitro с использованием культуры клетки линии IMR-32. Исследовали цитотоксичность при воздействии растворимых солей свинца и меди по показателю дегидрогеназной активности с помощью МТТ-теста.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Показано, что тип комбинированного действия свинца и меди по показателю дегидрогеназной активности в клетках нейробластомы IMR-32 изменяется с ростом концентраций токсикантов. При малых дозах меди и свинца тип комбинированного действия аддитивный, но с увеличением доз переходит в "антагонизм" становится антагонистическим.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Для оценки воздействия свинца и меди на клеточную культуру использовали расчётные показатели, вычисляемые из одного измеренного параметра, – дегидрогеназной активности. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты могут служить дополнительным подтверждением общей теории комбинированной токсичности, постулирующей неоднозначность типа действия, проявляемого одной и той же парой агентов.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике и иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Минигалиева И.А., Сутункова М.П. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование; Шабардина Л.В. – сбор материала, обработка данных, написание текста; Панов В.Г. – обработка данных, статистический анализ; Бушуева Т.В., Карпова Е.П. – сбор материала и обработка данных. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 03 марта 2025 / Поступила после исправления: 04 апреля 2025 / Принята в печать: 25 ноября 2025 / Опубликована: 15 января 2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Modern industrial enterprises are noted for pollution of the workplace air with a multicomponent mixture of chemicals, the combined exposure to which can significantly differ from their isolated ones and have a different toxic effect. Experimental studies and mathematical modeling of combined effects of toxic metals on various systems and organs are the scientific basis for assessing both occupational and environmental risks.</p><p>The purpose of the research was to study the combined toxicity of lead and copper in an in vitro experiment using mathematical modeling.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Experimental studies were carried out on an in vitro model using the IMR-32 cell line. Cytotoxicity was established following exposure to soluble lead and copper salts by measuring dehydrogenase activity using the MTT assay.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. We have demonstrated that, in terms of dehydrogenase activity, the type of the combined effect of lead and copper in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells changes with the increase in concentrations of the toxicants. At low doses of copper and lead, the type of combined action is additive, but with increasing doses it becomes antagonistic.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. To assess the effect of lead and copper on cell culture, estimates calculated from one measured parameter of the dehydrogenase activity were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Our findings support the general theory of combined toxicity, postulating the ambiguousness of the type of effect exhibited by the same pair of agents.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee and other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contribution</title><p>Authors’ contribution: Minigalieva I.A., Sutunkova M.P. – concept and design of research, editing; Shabardina L.V. – collection of material, data processing, writing; Panov V.G. – data processing, statistical analysis; Bushueva T.V., Karpova E.P. – collection of material and data processing. All co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all its parts.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no apparent and potential conflicts of interest in relation to the publication of this article.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: March 3, 2025 / Revised: April 4, 2025 / Accepted: November 25, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>свинец</kwd><kwd>медь</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>комбинированное действие</kwd><kwd>нейробластома</kwd><kwd>экспериментальное исследование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lead</kwd><kwd>copper</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>combined effect</kwd><kwd>neuroblastoma</kwd><kwd>experimental study</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramírez Ortega D., González Esquivel D.F., Blanco Ayala T., Pineda B., Gómez Manzo S., Marcial Quino J., et al. Cognitive impairment induced by lead exposure during lifespan: Mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. 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