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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2025-33-6-401-408</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">lkezer</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-1035</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительное изучение проявлений интоксикации обратимыми ингибиторами холинэстераз</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative study of manifestations of intoxication with reversible cholinesterase inhibitors</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-4144</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельская</surname><given-names>Алиса Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belskaya</surname><given-names>Alisa V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник лаборатории лекарственной токсикологии ФГБУ НКЦТ им. акад. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России, 192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: belskayaalisa@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher at the Laboratory of Medicinal Toxicology, S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, 192019, Russian Federation</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59557959800</p><p>e-mail: belskayaalisa@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">belskayaalisa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9183-7663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зорина</surname><given-names>Вероника Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zorina</surname><given-names>Veronika N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории прикладной токсикологии и фармакологии ФГБУ НКЦТ им. акад. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России, 192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: nilimmun@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher of Laboratory of Applied Toxicology and Pharmacology, S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, 192019, Russian Federation</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57075004700</p><p>e-mail: nilimmun@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nilimmun@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-3815</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мелехова</surname><given-names>Александра Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melekhova</surname><given-names>Alexandra S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Старший научный сотрудник лаборатории лекарственной токсикологии ФГБУ НКЦТ им. акад. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России, 192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: melehovaalexandra@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Medicinal Toxicology, S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, 192019, Russian Federation</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57140576000</p><p>e-mail: melehovaalexandra@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">melehovaalexandra@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8118-8396</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беспалов</surname><given-names>Александр Яковлевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bespalov</surname><given-names>Alexandr Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат хим. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории синтеза лекарственных препаратов ФГБУ НКЦТ им. акад. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России, 192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: albesp2011@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Leading Researcher at the Laboratory of Drug Synthesis, S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, 192019, Russian Federation</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 26663551900</p><p>e-mail: albesp2011@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">albesp2011@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2996-5151</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>Margarita V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник лаборатории лекарственной токсикологии ФГБУ НКЦТ им. акад. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России, 192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: margarita10108@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher of the Laboratory of Medicinal Toxicology, S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, 192019, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: margarita10108@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">margarita10108@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-2742</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайкова</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaikova</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории морфологии и электронной микроскопии ФГБУ НКЦТ им. акад. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России, 192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: olga-gaykova@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher at the Laboratory of Morphology and Electron Microscopy, S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, 192019, Russian Federation</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57194597330</p><p>e-mail: olga-gaykova@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga-gaykova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии имени академика С.Н. Голикова» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>401</fpage><lpage>408</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бельская А.В., Зорина В.Н., Мелехова А.С., Беспалов А.Я., Мельникова М.В., Гайкова О.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бельская А.В., Зорина В.Н., Мелехова А.С., Беспалов А.Я., Мельникова М.В., Гайкова О.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belskaya A.V., Zorina V.N., Melekhova A.S., Bespalov A.Y., Melnikova M.V., Gaikova O.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1035">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1035</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. К обратимым ингибиторам холинэстераз относятся соединения с различной структурой и особенностями действия на организм, что требует дополнительного изучения.</p><p>Цель работы – сравнительное изучение проявлений судорожного синдрома в эксперименте на животных с применением различных обратимых ингибиторов холинэстераз как модельных токсикантов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Сравнительное изучение проявлений судорожного синдрома проводилось при однократном внутрибрюшинном введении крысам фенилкарбамата (1 мг/кг м. т.), галантамина (25 мг/кг м. т.) и такрина (15 мг/кг м. т.).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлены различия в латентном периоде начала и продолжительности судорожного синдрома между всеми группами. Статистически значимые отличия в параметрах двигательной активности, нейромоторных и когнитивных функциях не установлены. По результатам гистологического исследования после воздействия фенилкарбамата, такрина и галантамина зафиксированы отдельные отклонения от нормы в гиппокампе и коре головного мозга: выраженное расширение периваскулярных и перицелюллярных пространств, появление тёмных и сморщенных нейронов.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Количество животных, использованных в исследовании, соответствовало биоэтическим принципам и требованию достаточного количества для статистически достоверных результатов: 10 особей в каждой группе.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Установлено, что обратимые ингибиторы холинэстераз могут значительно различаться по выраженности и патогенетическим особенностям воздействия на организм. Эти результаты необходимо учитывать при разработке средств терапии судорожного синдрома.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Работа с животными одобрена биоэтической комиссией ФГБУ НКЦТ им. акад. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России (заключение № 5/23 от 20.12.2023).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Бельская А.В., Мелехова А.С., Мельникова М.В. – проведение научных исследований (эксперименты на животных), статистическая обработка материала, написание текста; Беспалов А.Я. – синтез модельных соединений для проведения экспериментов; Гайкова О.Н. – проведение гистологического исследования; Зорина В.Н. – научное руководство при проведении исследований, написание и редактирование текста. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование проводилось в рамках НИР (шифр «Проводник») ГЗ ФГБУ НКЦТ им. акад. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России (номер 124022400179-8).</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 14 апреля 2025 / Принята в печать: 25 ноября 2025 / Опубликована: 15 января 2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors include compounds with different structures and effects on the body, which requires additional research.</p><p>The aim of the work is a comparative study of the manifestations of convulsive syndrome in an experiment on animals, using various cholinesterase inhibitors as model toxicants.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A comparative study of the manifestations of convulsive syndrome was conducted with a single intraperitoneal administration of Phenylcarbamate, 1 mg/kg, Galantamine, 25 mg/kg, and Tacrine, 15 mg/kg to rats.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Differences in the latent period of onset and duration of seizure syndrome between all groups were revealed. Statistically significant differences in the parameters of motor activity, neuromotor and cognitive functions were not established. According to the results of histological examination after exposure to Phenylcarbamate, Tacrine and Galantamine, individual deviations from the norm were recorded in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex: pronounced expansion of perivascular and pericellular spaces, the appearance of dark and wrinkled neurons.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The number of animals used in the study was in accordance with bioethical principles and the requirement for a sufficient number of animals for statistically reliable results: 10 animals in each group.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. It has been established that reversible cholinesterase inhibitors can vary significantly in the severity and pathogenetic features of their effects on the body, which must be taken into account when developing treatments for convulsive syndrome.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The experiment with animals was performed after a positive conclusion of the bioethical commission of the S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology (conclusion N 5/23, 20.12.2023).</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' contribution</title><p>Authors' contribution: Belskaya A.V., Melekhova A.S., Melnikova M.V. – conducting scientific research (animal experiments), material processing, text writing; Bespalov A.Ya. – synthesis of model toxicants; Gaikova O.N. – conducting a histological examination; Zorina V.N. – scientific guidance in conducting research, text writing and editing. All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare the absence of obvious and potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study was conducted within the framework of the implementation of the research project code “Provodnik” under the State Project of S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology (No. 124022400179-8).</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: April 14, 2025 / Accepted: November 25, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обратимые ингибиторы холинэстераз</kwd><kwd>интоксикация</kwd><kwd>судорожный синдром</kwd><kwd>модельный токсикант</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная модель</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reversible cholinesterase inhibitor</kwd><kwd>intoxication</kwd><kwd>convulsive syndrome</kwd><kwd>model toxicant</kwd><kwd>experimental model</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Серков И.В., Прошин А.Н., Ковалева Н.В., Болтнева Н.П., Рудакова Е.В., Махаева Г.Ф. и др. Производные такрина, содержащие антиоксидантный фрагмент. Доклады Российской академии наук. 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