toxreviewТоксикологический вестникToxicological Review0869-79223034-4611Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0869-7922-2025-33-6-467-476hkniuitoxreview-1042Research ArticleКЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯCLINICAL TOXICOLOGYСовременные подходы к лабораторной диагностике отравлений галоперидолом и рисперидоном (обзор литературы)Modern approaches to laboratory diagnostics of poisoning with haloperidol and risperidone (literature review)https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0314-4744ДегтяренкоБогдан ВячеславовичDegtyarenkoBogdan V.

Аспирант ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургского государственного химико-фармацевтического университета» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия

e-mail: bogdan.degtyarenko@spcpu.ru

Postgraduate Student, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russian Federation

e-mail: bogdan.degtyarenko@spcpu.ru

bogdan.degtyarenko@spcpu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6737-1023СтреловаОльга ЮрьевнаStrelovaOlga Yu.

Доктор фарм. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой фармацевтической химии ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургского государственного химико-фармацевтического университета» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия

e-mail: olga.strelova@pharminnotech.com

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russian Federation

e-mail: olga.strelova@pharminnotech.com

olga.strelova@pharminnotech.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-194XГребенюкАлександр НиколаевичGrebenyukAlexander N.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры фармацевтической химии ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургского государственного химико-фармацевтического университета» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия; Институт теоретической и экспериментальной биофизики РАН, Пущино, 142290, Московская область, Россия

e-mail: grebenyuk_an@mail.ru

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russian Federation; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russian Federation

e-mail: grebenyuk_an@mail.ru

grebenyuk_an@mail.ruФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияSaint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияSaint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian Federation202522012026336467476Copyright © Дегтяренко Б.В., Стрелова О.Ю., Гребенюк А.Н., 20262026Дегтяренко Б.В., Стрелова О.Ю., Гребенюк А.Н.Degtyarenko B.V., Strelova O.Y., Grebenyuk A.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1042

В структуре зарегистрированных случаев острых отравлений значительную часть составляют отравления лекарственными средствами, среди которых существенная доля принадлежит нейролептикам, в частности галоперидолу и рисперидону.

Материалом для анализа послужили источники литературы, реферированные в библиографических базах PubMed, Scopus, РИНЦ. Контент-анализ проводили с учётом особенностей токсического действия и существующих методик определения нейролептиков в биологических объектах.

Показано, что отравления нейролептиками представляют серьёзную медико-социальную проблему вследствие большого их числа и тяжести возникающей интоксикации. Представлен существующий порядок проведения химико-токсикологической и судебно-химической экспертизы отравлений нейролептиками, в качестве биообъектов используются кровь, моча и волосы. Установлено, что наиболее информативно определение нейролептиков в волосах, так как в них вещества не метаболизируются и возможно их выявление в большом временном промежутке после приёма лекарственного средства. Приведены сведения о фармакокинетике и фармакодинамике галоперидола и рисперидона, клинической картине отравления этими нейролептиками, существующих подходах к лечению. Проведён анализ существующих методик изолирования и обнаружения галоперидола и рисперидона в крови, моче и волосах. Установлено, что наиболее эффективным методом выделения галоперидола и рисперидона из биообъектов является экстракция – твердофазная и жидкость-жидкостная. Методом выбора для обнаружения данных лекарственных средств считается высокоэффективная жидкостная хроматография с различными детекторами.

Отравления нейролептиками – серьёзная социальная и медицинская проблема, требующая дальнейшего совершенствования методов изолирования и определения лекарственных средств в биообъектах.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Все соавторы внесли равный вклад в исследование и подготовку статьи к публикации.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.

Поступила в редакцию

Поступила в редакцию: 11 марта 2025 / Принята в печать: 25 ноября 2025 / Опубликована: 15 января 2026

In the structure of reported cases of acute poisoning, a significant part is drug poisoning, among which a notable proportion is occupied by neuroleptics, particularly haloperidol and risperidone. The material for the analysis was the sources of literature reviewed in PubMed, Scopus, and RSCI bibliographic databases. The content analysis was conducted taking into account the peculiarities of the toxic effect and existing methods for the determination of neuroleptics in biological samples.

It has been demonstrated that neuroleptic poisoning presents a serious medical and social issue due to its high prevalence and severity of intoxication. This study presents the current procedure for conducting chemical and toxicological, forensic and chemical examinations of neuroleptic poisonings, with blood, urine, and hair being used as biological samples. It has been established that the determination of neuroleptic substances in hair is the most informative method, as these substances are not metabolized and can be detected over a long period after taking the drug. Information is provided on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of haloperidol and risperidone, the clinical picture of poisoning with these antipsychotics, and existing treatment approaches. The analysis of methods for isolating and detecting haloperidol and risperidone in biological samples, such as blood, urine, and hair, was conducted. It was found that solid-phase and liquid extraction are the most effective methods for isolating these drugs from biological materials. High-performance liquid chromatography with various detectors was identified as the preferred technique for detecting these drugs.

Neuroleptic poisoning is a significant social and medical issue that necessitates the development of improved methods for isolating and identifying drugs in biological samples.

Authors’ contribution

Authors’ contribution: All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.

Conflict of interests

Conflict of interests. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Funding

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received

Received: March 11, 2025 / Accepted: November 25, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.