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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2025-33-6-484-492</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">kzfqdv</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-1044</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECOLOGICAL TOXICOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гематологические и системные патологические нарушения у Danio rerio, вызываемые сублетальными концентрациями имидаклоприда</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hematological and systemic pathological disorders in Danio rerio induced by sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2196-5421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочетков</surname><given-names>Никита Ильич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochetkov</surname><given-names>Nikita I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биол. наук, младший научный сотрудник центра «Аквакультуры», ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет технологий и управления им К.Г. Разумовского (ПКУ)», 109004, г. Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: samatrixs@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Junior Researcher, Center “Aquaculture”, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management, Moscow, 109004, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: samatrixs@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">samatrixs@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6490-0954</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смородинская</surname><given-names>Светлана Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smorodinskaya</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат техн. наук, заведующий лабораторией центра «Аквакультуры», ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет технологий и управления им К.Г. Разумовского (ПКУ)», 109004, г. Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: kler.smo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Technical Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of the Center “Aquaculture”, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management, Moscow, 109004, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: kler.smo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kler.smo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1715-057X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифоров-Никишин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Львович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforov-Nikishin</surname><given-names>Dmitry L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник центра «Аквакультуры», ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет технологий и управления им К.Г. Разумовского (ПКУ)», 109004, г. Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: niknikdl@rambler.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher, Center “Aquaculture”, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management, Moscow, 109004, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: niknikdl@rambler.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">niknikdl@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медянкина</surname><given-names>Мария Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medyankina</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биол. наук, доцент кафедры «Экология и природопользование» ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет технологий и управления им К.Г. Разумовского (ПКУ)», 109004, г. Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: 79263841762@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Ecology and Nature Management, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management, Moscow, 109004, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: 79263841762@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">79263841762@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет технологий и управления имени К.Г. Разумовского (первый казачий университет)»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>484</fpage><lpage>492</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кочетков Н.И., Смородинская С.В., Никифоров-Никишин Д.Л., Медянкина М.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кочетков Н.И., Смородинская С.В., Никифоров-Никишин Д.Л., Медянкина М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kochetkov N.I., Smorodinskaya S.V., Nikiforov-Nikishin D.L., Medyankina M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1044">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1044</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Нейроактивный инсектицид класса неоникотиноидов имидаклоприд активно применяется во всем мире для борьбы с различными насекомыми-вредителями. Высокая растворимость приводит к его попаданию в поверхностные и грунтовые воды, что особенно опасно для гидробионтов.</p><p>Цель исследования – оценка острой и подострой токсичности имидаклоприда на D. rerio, в том числе определение ЛК50, а также изучение влияния различных концентраций инсектицида на гематологические показатели рыб, генотоксичность и гистологические нарушения в жабрах, печени, туловищной почке и среднем отделе кишечника.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В работе использовали стандартные для водной токсикологии методы определения полулетальной концентрации, также исследовали лейкоцитарную формулу, генотоксичность и изучали гистологические препараты D. rerio.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Было установлено, что ЛК50⁹⁶ составляет 85,3 мг/л при доверительном интервале 76,16–96,98 мг/л. Изучены гематологические и гистопатологические изменения при подострой токсичности в диапазоне концентраций от 4 до 76 мг/л. Установлено, что имидаклоприд вызывает зависящее от концентрации снижение количества эритроцитов, увеличение лейкоцитов, лимфопению, а также рост числа моноцитов, нейтрофилов и базофилов. Обнаружено увеличение числа эритроцитов с ядерными аномалиями (деформированные (LN) 2.77‰ и разрезанные ядра (NN) 2.85‰) при концентрациях 38 и 76 мг/л. Выявлены гистологические изменения в жабрах (атрофия базального эпителия, отслоение респираторного эпителия), печени (расширение синусоидных капилляров, вакуолизация гепатоцитов) и почках (дилатация капилляров, некроз эпителия канальцев). Наиболее распространённым типом изменений тканей было нарушение циркуляции. В кишечнике наблюдалось увеличение числа бокаловидных клеток и интраэпителиальных лимфоцитов.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Оценка токсического действия имидаклоприда проведена в рамках острого опыта. Дополнительные эксперименты с большей продолжительностью и на других лабораторных видах позволят более детально раскрыть механизмы токсического действия и связанные с ними гистопатологические нарушения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные данные демонстрируют системное токсическое действие имидаклоприда в концентрациях более 19 мг/л на органы и ткани D. rerio.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено комиссией Комиссией Учёного совета по биоэтике ФГБОУ ВО МГУТУ им. К.Г. Разумовского, проведено в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией о защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментов или в иных научных целях (ETS No 123), директивой Европейского парламента и Совета Европейского Союза 2010/63/EC от 22.09.2010 г. о защите животных,  используемых для научных целей.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов. Все соавторы внесли равнозначный вклад в исследование и подготовку статьи к публикации.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи. </p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование было выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда (РНФ) № 23-16-00123.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 01 марта 2025 / Поступила после исправления: 30 апреля 2025 / Принята в печать: 25 ноября 2025 / Опубликована: 15 января 2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The neuroactive insecticide imidacloprid, a member of the neonicotinoid class, is widely used worldwide to control various insect pests. Its high solubility leads to its entry into surface and groundwater, posing a significant risk to aquatic life.</p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of imidacloprid on Danio rerio, including determining the LC50 and investigating the effects of varying insecticide concentrations on hematological parameters, genotoxicity, and histopathology of the gills, liver, trunk kidney, and middle intestine.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The study used standard methods for determining the sublethal concentration in aquatic toxicology, as well as examining the leukocyte formula, genotoxicity, and histological preparations of D. rerio.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The 96-hour LC50 (LC5096) was determined to be 85.3 mg/L, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 76.16-96.98 mg/L. Hematological and histopathological changes were investigated for subchronic toxicity across a concentration range of 4 to 76 mg/L. Imidacloprid exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in erythrocyte counts, an increase in leukocyte counts, lymphopenia, and elevated numbers of monocytes, neutrophils, and basophils. An increased number of erythrocytes with nuclear abnormalities (deformed nuclei, 2.77‰; and fragmented nuclei, 2.85‰) was observed at concentrations of 38 and 76 mg/L. Histological changes were observed in the gills (basal epithelial atrophy and respiratory epithelial detachment), liver (sinusoidal capillary dilation and hepatocyte vacuolization), and kidneys (capillary dilation and tubular epithelial necrosis). The most prevalent histopathological finding was impaired circulation. In the middle intestine, an increased number of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes was observed.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The toxic effect of imidacloprid was assessed within the acute experiment. Additional experiments with longer duration and on other laboratory species would allow to reveal in more detail the mechanisms of toxic effect and related histopathological in disorders.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The findings demonstrate the systemic toxicity of imidacloprid at concentrations exceeding 19 mg/L in Danio rerio organs and tissues.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Commission on Bioethics of K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management, carried out in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental or other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123), Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of September 22, 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contribution</title><p>Authors’ contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no apparent and potential conflicts of interest in relation to the publication of this article.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 23-16-00123).</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: March 1, 2025 / Revised: April 30, 2025 / Accepted: November 25, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неоникотиноиды</kwd><kwd>гематология</kwd><kwd>гистопатология</kwd><kwd>рыбы</kwd><kwd>генотоксичность</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neonicotinoids</kwd><kwd>hematology</kwd><kwd>histopathology</kwd><kwd>fish</kwd><kwd>genotoxicity</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Светашева Д.Р., Колмыков Е.В., Зубанов С.А., Умербаева Р.И. Оценка качества водной среды устьевой области р. Волги по комплексным показателям в 2020 г. 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