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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2026-34-2-150-156</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">oknnkf</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-1106</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НОВЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ О ТОКСИЧНОСТИ И ОПАСНОСТИ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEW INFORMATION ON TOXICITY AND HAZARD OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пневмопротективный эффект ацетилцистеина при длительном воздействии диоксида азота (экспериментальное исследование)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pneumoprotective effect of acetylcysteine during long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (experimental study)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-7811</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Преображенская</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Preobrazhenskaya</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры военной токсикологии и медицинской защиты ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации, 194044, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия ; доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет», 199034, Санкт-Петербург. Россия</p><p>e-mail: tanapp@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Military Toxicology and Medical Protection, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, 194044, Russian Federation; Associate Professor of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: tanapp@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tanapp@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6887-0166</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>Елена Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>Elena S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник НИИ пульмонологии ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 197022, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет», 199034, Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: osmelena@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher at the Research Institute of Pulmonology, I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russian Federation; Associate Professor of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: osmelena@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">osmelena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации; ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kirov Military Medical Academy; Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University; Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>156</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Преображенская Т.Н., Лебедева Е.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Преображенская Т.Н., Лебедева Е.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Preobrazhenskaya T.N., Lebedeva E.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1106">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1106</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Диоксид азота относится к наиболее распространённым антропогенным загрязнителям атмосферного воздуха, инициирующим в организме окислительный стресс и воспалительную реакцию. За последние годы возрос интерес к использованию ацетилцистеина в качестве средства профилактики и лечения состояний, сопровождающихся окислительным стрессом.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В работе оценивали протективный эффект перорального введения ацетилцистеина на иммунологический профиль и клеточный состав бронхоальвеолярной лаважной жидкости крыс при длительном ингаляционном воздействии диоксида азота. Экспозиции диоксидом азота (30–40 мг/м³) проводили на протяжении 60 дней (три раза в день по 30 мин с получасовым интервалом). Ежедневно за полчаса до экспозиции диоксидом азота опытной группе животных через пищеводный зонд вводили раствор ацетилцистеина (50 мг/кг), контрольной группе – 0,9%-й раствор натрия хлорида. В бронхоальвеолярной лаважной жидкости определяли клеточный состав, содержание провоспалительных медиаторов (TNF-a, IL-8), нейтрофильной эластазы (NE), матриксной металлопротеиназы-12 (ММР-12), секреторного иммуноглобулина А (sIgA) и сурфактантного протеина D (SP-D).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Под влиянием 60-дневной экспозиции диоксидом азота изменялся цитоиммунологический профиль бронхоальвеолярного пространства: увеличивался приток нейтрофилов, нарастало содержание провоспалительных цитокинов (TNF-a, IL-8) и обладающих деструктивной активностью протеаз (NE, MMP-12), снижалось содержание маркёров местной иммунной защиты (SP-D, sIgA), обусловленное нарушением структурной целостности бронхоальвеолярного эпителия. Ежедневное пероральное введение ацетилцистеина на протяжении 60 дней экспозиции крыс диоксидом азота способствовало сохранению базового структурно-функционального статуса лёгких, что препятствовало развитию воспалительного процесса и аберрантного ремоделирования лёгочной ткани.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Показатели бронхоальвеолярной лаважной жидкости животных анализировали после воздействия диоксидом азота (30–40 мг/м³) на протяжении 60 дней (три раза в день по 30 мин с получасовым интервалом). Полученные данные могут отличаться при иных условиях эксперимента.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результаты показывают, что ацетилцистеин может служить эффективным профилактическим средством, предотвращающим негативные последствия, связанные с воздействием на лёгкие оксидантного поллютанта диоксида азота.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Экспериментальное исследование одобрено независимым этическим комитетом при ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации (протокол от 20 декабря 2022 г. № 273) и проведено в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией о защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментов или в иных научных целях (ETS N 123), директивой Европейского парламента и Совета Европейского союза 2010/63/EC от 22.09.2010 г. о защите животных, использующихся для научных целей.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов. Преображенская Т.Н. – проведение эксперимента, анализ данных, дизайн исследования, написание статьи; Лебедева Е.С. – проведение эксперимента, анализ данных, написание статьи. Все соавторы внесли существенный вклад в разработку концепции, проведение исследования и подготовку статьи, прочли и одобрили финальную версию перед публикацией.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 12 мая 2025 / Поступила после исправления: 04 марта 2026 / Принята в печать: 27 марта 2026 / Опубликована: 30 апреля 2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Nitrogen dioxide is one of the most common anthropogenic air pollutants that initiates oxidative stress and an inflammatory response. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the use of acetylcysteine as a means of preventing and treating conditions accompanied by oxidative stress.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of oral administration of acetylcysteine ​​on the in rats exposed to long-term inhalation nitrogen dioxide. The protective effect of oral administration of acetylcysteine on the immunological profile and cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in rats during prolonged inhalation exposure to nitrogen dioxide was evaluated. Exposures to nitrogen dioxide (30–40 mg/m3) were carried out for 60 days (three times a day for 30 minutes with a half-hour interval between them). Every day, half an hour before exposure to nitrogen dioxide, the experimental group was administered a solution of acetylcysteine (50 mg/kg) through an esophageal tube, and the control group was administered a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the content of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-8), neutrophil elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) were determined.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Under the influence of 60-day exposure to nitrogen dioxide, the cytoimmunological profile of the bronchoalveolar space changed. The influx of neutrophils increased. The content of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8) and proteases with destructive activity (NE, MMP-12) increased. The content of local immune defense markers (SP-D, sIgA) decreased due to a violation of the structural integrity of the bronchoalveolar epithelium. Daily oral administration of acetylcysteine for 60 days of nitrogen dioxide exposure contributed to the preservation of the basic structural and functional status of the lungs, which prevented the development of the inflammatory process and aberrant remodeling of lung tissue. </p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. the parameters of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of animals were analyzed after exposure to nitrogen dioxide (30–40 mg/m3) for 60 days (three times a day for 30 minutes with a half-hour interval between them): the data obtained may differ under different experimental conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The results show that acetylcysteine can serve as an effective prophylactic agent, preventing the negative consequences associated with lung exposure to the oxidative pollutant nitrogen dioxide.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The experimental study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee at the Kirov Military Medical Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Protocol No. 273, December 20, 2022), conducted according to the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123), European Union Directive 2010/63 EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors contribution</title><p>Authors contribution: Preobrazhenskaya T.N. – conducting the experiment, data analysis, study design, article writing; Lebedeva E.S. – conducting the experiment, data analysis, article writing. All co-authors made significant contributions to the conception, conduct of the study and preparation of the article, and read and approved the final version before publication.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the publication of this article.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: May 12, 2025 / Revised: March 04, 2026 / Accepted: March 27, 2026 / Published: April 30, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диоксид азота</kwd><kwd>ацетилцистеин</kwd><kwd>бронхоальвеолярная лаважная жидкость</kwd><kwd>провоспалительные цитокины</kwd><kwd>нейтрофильная эластаза</kwd><kwd>матриксная металлопротеиназа-12</kwd><kwd>секреторный иммуноглобулин А</kwd><kwd>сурфактантный протеин D</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nitrogen dioxide</kwd><kwd>acetylcysteine</kwd><kwd>bronchoalveolar lavage fluid</kwd><kwd>proinflammatory cytokines</kwd><kwd>neutrophil elastase</kwd><kwd>matrix metalloproteinase-12</kwd><kwd>secretory immunoglobulin A</kwd><kwd>surfactant protein D</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner M.C., Andersen Z.J., Neira M., Krzyzanowski M, Malmqvist E, González Ortiz A., et al. 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