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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2026-34-3-178-184</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">iqmjxy</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-1110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Половые различия в ингибировании активности сукцинатдегидрогеназы лимфоцитов крови крыс при воздействии ацетата свинца</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sex-related differences in inhibition of SDH activity of rat blood lymphocytes exposed to lead acetate</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-0008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабардина</surname><given-names>Лада Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabardina</surname><given-names>Lada V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник отдела токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: lada.shabardina@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher at the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: lada.shabardina@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lada.shabardina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>Марина Петровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, директор ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: marinasutunkova@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Director of the Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: marinasutunkova@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marinasutunkova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2799-4840</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ваулина</surname><given-names>Таисия Андреевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vaulina</surname><given-names>Taisiya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаборант отдела токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: taiavaulina@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Assistant at the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: taiavaulina@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">taiavaulina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0780-5733</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никогосян</surname><given-names>Карен Мерсопович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikoghosyan</surname><given-names>Karen M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник отдела токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: nikoghosyankm@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher at the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: nikoghosyankm@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikoghosyankm@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1871-8593</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, зав. отделом токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>178</fpage><lpage>184</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шабардина Л.В., Сутункова М.П., Ваулина Т.А., Никогосян К.М., Минигалиева И.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шабардина Л.В., Сутункова М.П., Ваулина Т.А., Никогосян К.М., Минигалиева И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shabardina L.V., Sutunkova M.P., Vaulina T.A., Nikoghosyan K.M., Minigalieva I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1110">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/1110</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Долгосрочные риски для здоровья увеличиваются из-за профессиональной и средовой экспозиции соединениями свинца, одной из основных мишеней токсического действия которых на субклеточном уровне являются митохондрии. Свинец подавляет активность ферментов энергетического обмена, в том числе сукцинатдегидрогеназы (СДГ). Данные о половых физиологических и метаболических различиях, которые могут влиять на эти токсические эффекты, в настоящее время нельзя считать полными.</p><p>Цель исследования – экспериментально определить характер влияния ацетата свинца на активность СДГ лимфоцитов периферической крови крыс в зависимости от пола.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Эксперимент выполнен на аутбредных крысах-самцах и самках (3–4 мес, масса тела 220 ± 20 г). Животных разделили на четыре группы (n = 10): «Свинец ♀» и «Свинец ♂» получали ацетат свинца с водой (819 мг/л) в течение 45 дней, «Контроль ♀» и «Контроль ♂» – питьевую воду). После экспозиции в мазках крови для оценки активности СДГ определяли площадь уровней формазана с помощью ПО BloodRunner и BioImagine, для чего образцы инкубировали в соответствующих растворах, содержащих нитросиний тетразолий окислённый и субстрат СДГ – сукцинат. Статистическую обработку проводили с использованием языка Python (версия 3.11) и библиотек SciPy (версия 1.11.1), statsmodels (0.14.0). В двухфакторном анализе применяли ранговый дисперсионный анализ, для попарных сравнений использовали U-критерий Манна – Уитни с поправкой Бонферрони (p &lt; 0,05).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлены статистически значимые эффекты факторов «свинец» и «пол», а также их взаимодействие. У самок, получавших свинец, активность СДГ не изменилась по сравнению с контролем (p = 0,270). У самцов под действием свинца активность СДГ значимо снизилась (p &lt; 0,001) по сравнению с контролем. Различия между группами «Свинец ♀» и «Свинец ♂» также имели высокую значимость (p &lt; 0,001).</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Оценён только один показатель – активность СДГ. В настоящей работе мы ограничились оценкой тотальной активности СДГ, поскольку предварительные эксперименты показали, что вклад эндогенного сукцината в наших условиях был незначительным и не влиял на сравнительные результаты групп. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Ацетат свинца ингибирует СДГ в лимфоцитах крови полоспецифично: самцы крыс чувствительнее самок. Необходимо учитывать пол при оценке рисков для здоровья, связанных со свинцовым загрязнением. </p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Эксперимент был одобрен Локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора (протокол № 1А от 03.02.2025 г.) в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией о защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментов или в иных научных целях (ETS N 123), директивой Европейского парламента и Совета Европейского союза 2010/63/EC от 22.09.2010 г. о защите животных, использующихся для научных целей. </p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов. Все соавторы внесли равнозначный вклад в исследование и подготовку статьи к публикации, прочли и одобрили финальную версию перед публикацией </p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 06 марта 2026 / Принята в печать:  01 июня 2026 / Опубликована: 30 июня 2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Long-term health risks increase due to occupational and environmental exposure to lead compounds, one of the main targets of which is the mitochondria at the subcellular level. Lead inhibits the activity of energy metabolism enzymes, including succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Currently, the data on sex-related physiological and metabolic differences that may influence these toxic effects are limited. </p><p>The aim of the study was to experimentally determine the nature of the effect of lead acetate on SDH activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats, depending on sex.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The experiment was performed on outbred male and female rats (3–4 months old, body weight 220 ± 20 g). The animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 10): “Lead ♀” and “Lead ♂” received lead acetate with water (819 mg/l) for 45 days, “Control ♀” and “Control ♂” received drinking water. After exposure, the area of formazan levels was determined in blood smears using BloodRunner and BioImagine software to assess SDH activity, for which the samples were incubated in appropriate solutions containing oxidized nitrosinium tetrazolium and SDH substrate succinate. Statistical processing was performed using Python (version 3.11), SciPy (version 1.11.1) and statsmodels (0.14.0) libraries. In the two-factor assay, rank analysis of variance was applied, and the Mann–Whitney U-test with the Bonferroni correction (p &lt; 0.05) was used for pairwise comparisons.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Statistically significant effects of the factors “lead” and “sex” and their interaction were revealed. In lead-exposed females the activity of SDH did not change compared to the control (p = 0.270), while in lead-exposed males the activity of SDH significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.001). The difference between the groups “Lead ♀” and “Lead ♂” also had high significance (p &lt; 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Only one parameter, SDH activity, was evaluated. In this study, we limited ourselves to assessing the total SDH activity, as preliminary experiments showed that the contribution of endogenous succinate was insignificant in our conditions and did not affect the comparative results of the groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Lead acetate inhibits SDH in blood lymphocytes in a sex-specific manner: male rats are more sensitive than female rats. It is necessary to take sex into account when assessing the health risks associated with lead contamination.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The experiment was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical and Scientific Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, Rospotrebnadzor (Protocol No. 1A dated 03.02.2025) in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), and Directive 2010/63/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contribution</title><p>Authors’ contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication, and all co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all its parts. </p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare that there are no obvious and potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: March 6, 2026 / Accepted: June 1, 2026 / Published: June 30, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сукцинатдегидрогеназа</kwd><kwd>свинец</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>влияние пола</kwd><kwd>лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>полоспецифичность</kwd><kwd>риски для здоровья</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>succinate dehydrogenase</kwd><kwd>lead</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>sex effect</kwd><kwd>lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>sex-specificity</kwd><kwd>health risk</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen M., Gazze L., DiTraglia F.J., Das R., Nriagu J., Erel Y., et al. Environmental lead risk in the 21st century. Commun. 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