<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36946/0869-7922-2018-5-9-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-138</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОТРАВЛЕНИЯ ТАЛЛИЕМ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF POISONING WITH THALLIUM</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завалий</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavaliy</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>129090, г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>129090, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">l.zav@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симонова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Simonova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, врач-токсиколог, ведущий научный сотрудник ГБУЗ г. Москвы «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В.Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы», 129090, г. Москва;</p><p>старший научный сотрудник ФГБУ «Научно-практический токсикологический центр ФМБА России», 129090, г. Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>129090, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">simonovatoxy@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поцхверия</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Potskhveriya</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий отделением острых отравлений ГБУЗ г. Москвы «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В.Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы», 129090, г. Москва;</p><p>врач – токсиколог ФГБУ «Научно-практический токсикологический центр ФМБА России», 129090, г. Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>129090, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">potskhveriya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Остапенко</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostapenko</surname><given-names>Yu. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, врач-токсиколог, ведущий научный сотрудник ГБУЗ г. Москвы «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В.Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы», 129090, г. Москва;</p><p>руководитель отдела развития федерального банка по острой химической патологии ФГБУ «Научно-практический токсикологический центр ФМБА России», 129090, г. Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>129090, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rtiac@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаджиева</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gadzhieva</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический ординатор по направлению неврология</p><p>129090, г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>129090, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marinag3009@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петриков</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrikov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор РАН, директор ГБУЗ г. Москвы «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В.Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы», 129090, г. Москва;</p><p>заведующий кафедрой анестезиологии, реаниматологии и неотложной медицины ФГБОУ ВО «Московского государственного медико-стоматологического университета имени А.И. Евдокимова» Министерства Здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 127473, г. Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>129090, Moscow;</p><p>127473, Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">PetrikovSS@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ г. Москвы «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В.Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Healthcare Department of Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ г. Москвы «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В.Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»; ФГБУ «Научно-практический токсикологический центр ФМБА России»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Healthcare Department of Moscow; Research and Applied Toxicology Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ г. Москвы «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В.Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»; ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Healthcare Department of Moscow; A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Завалий Л.Б., Симонова А.Ю., Поцхверия М.М., Остапенко Ю.Н., Гаджиева М.Г., Петриков С.С., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Завалий Л.Б., Симонова А.Ю., Поцхверия М.М., Остапенко Ю.Н., Гаджиева М.Г., Петриков С.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zavaliy L.B., Simonova A.Y., Potskhveriya M.M., Ostapenko Y.N., Gadzhieva M.G., Petrikov S.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/138">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/138</self-uri><abstract><p>Регулярно в средствах массовой информации появляются сообщения о случаях отравления таллием. В представленной работе собран и обобщен мировой опыт диагностики и лечения пострадавших с  отравлением таллием, проведен поиск клинических рекомендаций по диагностике, лечению и  реабилитации пациентов. Подробно описаны токсикококинетика и токсикодинамика, а также патофизиологические механизмы воздействия таллия на организм. Определены токсические и летальные концентрации яда в биологических средах, а также его тропность к различным тканям, системам организма. Подробно описана клиническая картина в зависимости от сроков отравления и  дозы яда. Определены трудности дифференциального диагноза. Представлены наиболее интересные случаи криминальных и  бытовых отравлений с различными сроками установления диагноза, дозами отравления и исходами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cases of thallium poisonings are regularly reported in media. In the present work, the world experience in diagnostics and treatment of victims with thallium poisoning has been compiled and summarized, search for clinical guidelines for the diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation of patients has been carried out. The toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, as well as pathophysiological mechanisms of thallium influence on the body are described in detail. Toxic and lethal concentrations of poison in biological media, as well as its tropicity to various tissues and body systems were determined. The clinical picture depending on the timing of poisoning and the dose of poison is described in detail. Difficulties of the differential diagnosis are defined. The most interesting cases of criminal and household poisonings with various terms of establishment of the diagnosis, doses of poisoning and outcomes are presented.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>таллий</kwd><kwd>острое отравление</kwd><kwd>отравление таллием</kwd><kwd>алопеция</kwd><kwd>боль в мышцах</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thallium</kwd><kwd>acute poisoning</kwd><kwd>thallium poisoning</kwd><kwd>alopecia</kwd><kwd>muscle pain</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Отравление соединениями таллия (клиника, диагностика, лечение): метод. рек. Москва; 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Otravlenie soedineniyami talliya (klinika, diagnostika, lechenie). Metodicheskie rekomendacii. Moskva; 2010 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osorio-Rico L., Santamaria A., GalvánArzate S. Thallium Toxicity: General Issues, Neurological Symptoms, and Neurotoxic Mechanisms. Adv Neurobiol. 2017; 18: 345-353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osorio-Rico L, Santamaria A, GalvánArzate S. Thallium Toxicity: General Issues, Neurological Symptoms, and Neurotoxic Mechanisms. Adv Neurobiol. 2017; 18: 345-353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodrıguez-Mercado J.J., Altamirano-Lozano M.A. Genetic toxicology of thallium: A review. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2013; 36(3): 369–383.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodrıguez-Mercado JJ, Altamirano-Lozano MA. Genetic toxicology of thallium: A review. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2013; 36(3): 369– 383.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Определение химических элементов в биологических средах и препаратах методами атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой и массспектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой: метод. указания. М.: Минздрав России; 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Determination of chemical elements in biological media and preparations by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: metod. ukazaniya. M.: Minzdrav Rossii; 2003 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cavanagh J.B. What have we learnt from Graham Frederick Young? Reflections on the mechanism of thallium neurotoxicity. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1991; 17(1): 3–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cavanagh JB. What have we learnt from Graham Frederick Young? Reflections on the mechanism of thallium neurotoxicity. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1991; 17(1): 3–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лузанова И.С. Разработка и оптимизация методик определения s-, p-, d- элементов в биоматериалах при химико-токсикологических и медико-криминальных исследованиях: Автореф. дис. …канд. биол. наук. М.; 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzanova IS. Development and optimization of methods for determining s-, p-, d- elements in biomaterials for chemical-toxicological and medical-criminal investigations. Dr. biol. sci. diss. Moscow; 2008 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffman R.S. Thallium toxicity and the role of Prussian blue in therapy. Toxicol. Rev. 2003; 22(1): 29-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffman R.S. Thallium toxicity and the role of Prussian blue in therapy. Toxicol Rev. 2003; 22(1): 29-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чухловина М.Л. Медико-гигиенические аспекты нейротоксичности таллия. Гигиена и санитария. 1999; (4): 38-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chukhlovina ML. Medico-hygienic aspects of thallium neurotoxicity. Hygiene and sanitation. 1999; (4): 38-39 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galván-Arzate S, Santamaría A. Thallium toxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 1998; 99(1):1–13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galván-Arzate S, Santamaría A. Thallium toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 1998; 99(1): 1–13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шейман Б.С., Проданчук Н.Г., Волошина Н.А., Макаров А.А., Урин А.А., Иць В.В. Токсикокинетика таллия и параметры эндотоксемии при острой таллиевой интоксикации. Медицина неотложных состояний. 2014; 4 (59): 52-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheiman B.S., Prodanchuk N.G., Voloshina N.A., Makarov A.A., Urin A.A., Itts V.V. Toxicokinetics of thallium and parameters of endotoxemia in acute thallium intoxication. Emergency medicine. 2014; 4 (59): 52-57 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лужников Е. А., Суходолова Г. Н. Острые отравления у взрослых и детей: руководство по диагностике и лечению. М.: Эксмо; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzhnikov E.A., Suhodolova G.N. Acute poisoning in adults and children: a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Moscow; 2009 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hultin T., Näslund P.H. Effects of thallium (I) on the structure and functions of mammalian ribosomes. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1974; 8(5): 315-328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hultin T, Näslund PH. Effects of thallium (I) on the structure and functions of mammalian ribosomes. Chem Biol Interact. 1974; 8(5): 315-328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">del Carmen Puga Molina L., Verstraeten S.V. Thallium (III)-mediated changes in membrane, physical properties and lipid oxidation affect cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2008; 1778(10): 2157–2164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">del Carmen Puga Molina L, Verstraeten SV. Thallium (III)-mediated changes in membrane, physical properties and lipid oxidation affect cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008; 1778(10): 2157–2164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арустамян О.М., Ткачишин В.С. Отравление таллием и его соединениями. Медицина неотложных состояний. 2015; 5(68): 11-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arustamyan OM, Tkachishin VS. Poisoning with thallium and its compounds. Emergency medicine. 2015; 5 (68): 11-16 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chia C.F., Chen S.C., Chen C.S., Shih C.M., Lee H.M., Wu C.H. Thallium acetate induces C6 glioma cell apoptosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1042: 523–530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chia CF, Chen SC, Chen CS, Shih CM, Lee HM, Wu CH. Thallium acetate induces C6 glioma cell apoptosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1042: 523–530.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иваненко А. А., Рутковский Г. В., Александрова М. Л., Иваненко Н. Б., Носова Е. Б., Соловьев Н. Д. Прямое определение фоновых и токсических содержаний таллия в крови человека методом АСС с ЭТА. Микроэлементы в медицине. 2008; 9(1-2): 35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanenko AA, Rutkovsky GV, Aleksandrova ML, Ivanenko NB, Nosova EB, Soloviev ND. Direct determination of baseline and toxic levels of thallium in human blood by ETAAS. Тrace elements in medicine. 2008; 9(1-2): 35 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Измерение массовых концентраций химических элементов в биосредах (кровь, моча) методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой: метод. указания. – М.; 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Measurement of mass concentrations of chemical elements in biomedids (blood, urine) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): methodical instructions. M.; 2015 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остапенко Ю.Н., Ливанов Г.А., Гольдфарб Ю.С. Отравления соединениями таллия (клиника, диагностика, лечение): метод. рекомендации №44/10. М.; 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostapenko YuN, Livanov GA, Goldfarb YuS. Thallium compounds poisoning (clinic, diagnosis, treatment). Moscow; 2010 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соловьев Н.Д., Иваненко Н.Б., Иваненко А.А., Кашуро В.А. Определение микроэлементов в биологических жидкостях методом ААС-ЭТА с Зеемановской коррекцией фона. Вестник ОГУ. 2011; 15(134): 127-130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soloviev ND, Ivanenko NB, Ivanenko AA, Kashuro VA. Determination of microelements in biological fluids by ETAAS with high frequency modulation polarization Zeeman effect background correction. Vestnik OGU. 2011; 15(134): 127-130 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jha S, Kumar R, Kumar R. Thallium poisoning presenting as paresthesias, paresis, psychosis and pain in abdomen. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006; 54: 53-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jha S, Kumar R, Kumar R. Thallium poisoning presenting as paresthesias, paresis, psychosis and pain in abdomen. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006; 54: 53-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saddique A, Peterson CD. Thallium poisoning: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1983; 25(1): 16–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saddique A, Peterson CD. Thallium poisoning: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1983; 25(1): 16–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авцын А.П., Жаворонков А.А., Риш М.А., Строчкова Л.С. Микроэлементозы человека (этиология, классификация, органопатология). М.: Медицина; 1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avtsyn AP, Zhavoronkov AA, Rish MA, Strochkova LS. Human Microelementoses: etiology,classification, organo-pathology. Moscow: 1991 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ливанов Г.А., Батоцыренов Б.В., Остапенко Ю.Н., Шестова Г.В., Рутковский Г.В., Малыгин А.Ю. Особенности ранней диагностики и лечение острых отравлений соединениями таллия. Общая реаниматология. 2013; (3): 35-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Livanov GA, Batocyrenov B.V., Ostapenko YU.N., SHestova G.V., Rutkovskij G.V., Malygin A.YU. Features of early diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning with thallium compounds. General Resuscitation. 2013; (3): 35-40 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воробьев Н.В. Клинико-патогенетические особенности острых отравлений таллием: Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. СПб.; 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorobyov NV. Clinico-pathogenetic features of acute poisoning with thallium. Dr. med. sci. diss.; Saint Petersburg., 2003 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villanueva E., Hernandez – Cueto C., Lachina E., Rodrigo M.D., Ramos V. Poisoning by Thallium. A study of five cases. Drug Saf. 1990; 5 (5): 384 – 389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villanueva E, Hernandez – Cueto C, Lachina E, Rodrigo MD, Ramos V. Poisoning by Thallium. A study of five cases. Drug Saf. 1990; 5 (5): 384 – 389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Элленхорн М.Дж. Медицинская токсикология: диагностика и лечение отравлений у человека. Т.2. М.: Медицина; 2003: 676-677.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellenhorn MJ. Medical toxicology: diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning. T.2. Moscow; 2003: 676-677 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsai Y.T., Huang C.C., Kuo H.C., Wang H.M., Shen W.S., Shih T.S. et al. Central nervous system effects in acute thallium poisoning. Neurotoxicology. 2006; 27 (2): 291 – 295.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsai YT, Huang CC, Kuo HC, Wang HM, Shen WS, Shih TS. et al. Central nervous system effects in acute thallium poisoning. Neurotoxicology. 2006; 27 (2): 291 – 295.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cvjetko P, Cvjetko I, Pavlica M. Thallium toxicity in humans. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2010; 61(1): 111-119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cvjetko P, Cvjetko I, Pavlica M. Thallium toxicity in humans. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2010; 61(1): 111-119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al Hammouri F., Darwazeh G., Said A., Ghosh R.A. Acute Thallium Poisoning: Series of Ten Cases. J Med Toxicol. 2011; 7(4): 306–311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al Hammouri F, Darwazeh G, Said A, Ghosh RA. Acute Thallium Poisoning: Series of Ten Cases. J Med Toxicol. 2011; 7(4): 306–311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хоффман Р., Нельсон Л., Хауланд М.-Э., Льюин Н., Фломенбаум Н., Голдфранк Л. Экстренная медицинская помощь при отравлениях. М.: Практика; 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffman R, Nelson L, Hauland ME, Lewin N, Floemenbaum N, Goldfranc L. Emergency medical care for poisoning. Moscow; 2010 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thallium. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Poisons Information Monograph 525. Avaible at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim525.htm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thallium. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Poisons Information Monograph 525. Avaible at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim525.htm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thallium and thallium compounds: health and safety guide. World Health Organization. Geneva; 1996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Thallium and thallium compounds: health and safety guide. Geneva; 1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хажиханова Е.В. Особенности поражения нервной системы при остром пероральном отравлении солями таллия: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. СПб.; 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khazhikhanova EV. Features of the defeat of the nervous system in acute oral poisoning with thallium salts. Dr. med. sci. diss.; Saint Petersburg.; 2006 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yumoto T., Tsukahara K., Naito H., Iida A., Nakao A. A successfully treated case of criminal thallium poisoning. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017; 11(4): OD01 - OD02.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yumoto T, Tsukahara K, Naito H, Iida A, Nakao A. A successfully treated case of criminal thallium poisoning. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017; 11(4): OD01 - OD02.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riyaz R., Pandalai S. L., Schwartz M., Kazzi Z. N. A Fatal Case of Thallium Toxicity: Challenges in Management. J Med Toxicol. 2013; 9(1): 75–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riyaz R, Pandalai SL, Schwartz M, Kazzi ZN. A Fatal Case of Thallium Toxicity: Challenges in Management. J Med Toxicol. 2013; 9(1): 75–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Misra UK, Kalita J, Yadav RK, Ranjan P. Thallium poisoning: emphasis on early diagnosis and response to haemodialysis. Postgrad Med J. 2003; 79 (928): 103–105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Misra UK, Kalita J, Yadav RK, Ranjan P. Thallium poisoning: emphasis on early diagnosis and response to haemodialysis. Postgrad Med J. 2003; 79 (928): 103–105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hazardous Substances Data Bank/ Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); Thallium, Elemental; Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 4496. Avaible at: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+4496</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hazardous Substances Data Bank/ Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); Thallium, Elemental; Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 4496. Avaible at: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+4496</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gettler A.O., Weiss L. Thallium Poisoning. III. Clinical Toxicology of Thallium. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1943; 13(8): 422-429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gettler AO, Weiss L. Thallium Poisoning. III. Clinical Toxicology of Thallium. Am J Clin Pathol. 1943; 13(8): 422-429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маткевич В.А., Лужников Е.А., Белова М.В. Евдокимова Н.В., Сыромятникова Е.Д., Курилкин Ю.А. Роль кишечной транслокации в генезе эндотоксемии при острых отравлениях и детоксикационный эффект кишечного лаважа. Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь». 2015; (4): 16-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matkevich VA, Luzhnikov EA, Belova MV, Evdokimova NV, Syromyatnikova ED, Kurilkin YuA. The role of intestinal translocation in the origin of endotoxemia in acute poisoning and detoxification effect of intestinal lavage. Zhurnal im NV. Sklifosovskogo «Neotlozhnaya medicinskaya pomoshch’». 2015; (4): 16-21. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cecilia E.H., Sandra V.V. Tl(I) and Tl(III) activate both mitochondrial and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009; 236(1): 59-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cecilia EH, Sandra VV. Tl(I) and Tl(III) activate both mitochondrial and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Toxicol ApplPharmacol. 2009; 236(1): 59-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bragadin M., Toninello A., Bindoli A., Rigobello M.P., Canton M. Thallium induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2003; 1010: 283–291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bragadin M, Toninello A, Bindoli A, Rigobello MP, Canton M. Thallium induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2003; 1010: 283–291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Mercado J.J., Hernández-de la Cruz H., Felipe-Reyes M., Jaramillo-Cruz E., Altamirano-Lozano M.A. Evaluation of cytogenetic and DNA damage caused by thallium(I) acetate in human blood cells. Environ Toxicol. 2015; 30(5): 572-580.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Mercado JJ, Hernández-de la Cruz H, Felipe-Reyes M, Jaramillo-Cruz E, Altamirano-Lozano MA. Evaluation of cytogenetic and DNA damage caused by thallium(I) acetate in human blood cells. Environ Toxicol. 2015; 30(5): 572-580.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao G., Ding M., Zhang B., Lv W., Yin H., Zhang L. et al. Clinical manifestations and management of acute thallium poisoning. Eur Neurol. 2008; 60(6): 292-297</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao G, Ding M, Zhang B, Lv W, Yin H, Zhang L. et al. Clinical manifestations and management of acute thallium poisoning. Eur Neurol. 2008; 60(6): 292-297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
