toxreviewТоксикологический вестникToxicological Review0869-79223034-4611Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.36946/0869-7922-2019-1-3-11toxreview-166Research ArticleСтатьиТОКСИКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ДИЗАЙНЕРСКИХ НАРКОТИКОВ ИЗ ГРУППЫ СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИХ ОПИОИДОВTOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF DESIGNER DRUGS FROM THE GROUP OF SYNTHETIC OPIOIDSГоловкоА. И.GolovkoA. I.

Головко Александр Иванович, доктор медицинских наук профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник 

192019, г. Санкт-Петербург

Golovko Aleksandr Ivanovich

192019, Saint Petersburg

prgolovko@inbox.ruИвановМ. Б.IvanovM. B.

Иванов Максим Борисович, доктор медицинских наук, директор Института 

192019, г. Санкт-Петербург

Ivanov Maksim Borisovich

192019, Saint Petersburg

kkbk@bk.ruРейнюкВ. Л.RejniukV. L.

Рейнюк Владимир Леонидович, доктор медицинских наук, заместитель директора

192019, г. Санкт-Петербург

Rejniuk Vladimir Leonidovich

192019, Saint Petersburg

vladton@mail.ruИвницкийЮ. Ю.IvnitskyYu. Yu.

Ивницкий Юрий Юрьевич, доктор медицинских наук профессор, заведующий отделом 

192019, г. Санкт-Петербург

Ivnitsky Yurij Yur’evich

192019, Saint Petersburg

neugierig@mail.ruБариновВ. А.BarinovV. A.

Баринов Владимир Александрович, доктор медицинских наук профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник 

192019, г. Санкт-Петербург

Barinov Vladimir Aleksandrovich

192019, Saint Petersburg

vladbar@front.ruБородавкоВ. К.BorodavkoV. K.

Бородавко Виктор Константинович, доктор медицинских наук профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник 

192019, г. Санкт-Петербург

Borodavko Viktor Konstantinovich

192019, Saint Petersburg

institute@toxicology.ruФГБУН «Институт токсикологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства»РоссияInstitute of Toxicology of the Federal Medical and Biological AgencyRussian Federation20192802201901311Copyright © Головко А.И., Иванов М.Б., Рейнюк В.Л., Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Баринов В.А., Бородавко В.К., 20192019Головко А.И., Иванов М.Б., Рейнюк В.Л., Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Баринов В.А., Бородавко В.К.Golovko A.I., Ivanov M.B., Rejniuk V.L., Ivnitsky Y.Y., Barinov V.A., Borodavko V.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/166

Представлена токсикологическая характеристика дизайнерских наркотиков из группы син- тетических опиоидов. Рассмотрены исторические аспекты внедрения таких наркотиков в незаконный оборот. В странах Евросоюза за период 2005-2017 гг. на нелегальном рынке выявлено 38 синтетических опиоидов, из которых 22 агента принадлежат к производным фен- танила. Широкое распространение синтетических опиоидов среди наркозависимых сопрово- ждалось увеличением числа смертельных передозировок. В США за период с1999 г. по2017 г. число смертельных отравлений от синтетических опиоидов фентанилового ряда выросло в 40,3 раза. Сходная ситуация формируется и в других странах. Это связано с тем, что биологическая активность и токсичность синтетических опиоидов значительно превосходят соответствующие показатели морфина и героина. Рассмотрены различия метаболизма героина и синтетических опиоидов. Приводятся данные о токсичности синтетических опиоидов. Обсуждаются нейро- медиаторные механизмы угнетения ими дыхания, в том числе нарушения опиоидергических, ГАМК-ергических, глутаматергических и серотонинергических нейромедиаторных систем. Да- ется краткая характеристика антидотной активности антагонистов опиоидных рецепторов при острых отравлениях синтетическими опиоидами.

Toxicological characteristic of designer drugs from the group of synthetic opioids is presented. The historical aspects of illicit drug trafficking are considered. In the illicit drug market of EU countries 38 synthetic opioids, 22 of them belonging to fentanyl derivatives, have been revealed for the period 2005-2017. The widespread use of synthetic opioids among drug addicts has been accompanied by an increase in the number of fatal overdoses. In the United States the number of fatal poisonings by synthetic opioids of fentanyl series increased by 40.3 times between 1999 and 2017. The similar situation is emerging in other countries. This is due to the fact that the biological activity and toxicity of synthetic opioids far exceed those of morphine and heroin. The differences between the metabolism of heroin and synthetic opioids are considered. Data on the toxicity of synthetic opioids are presented. The neurotransmitter mechanisms of their respiratory depression, including disorders of opioid, GABAergic, glutamatergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitter systems are discussed. A brief description of the antidote activity of opioid receptor antagonists in acute poisoning by synthetic opioids is given.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.