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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-3-28-34</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-426</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Патоморфологические изменения внутренних органов при острых отравлениях 4-оксибутановой кислотой (по данным Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pathomorphological changes in internal organs in acute poisoning with 4-hydroxybutanoic acid (according to the data of the Bureau of forensic medical expertise)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синенченко</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinenchenko</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Синенченко Андрей Георгиевич - кандидат медицинских наук, руководитель отдела неотложной психиатрии, наркологии и психореабилитации.</p><p>192242, Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrei G. Sinenchenko - PhD, Head of the Department of Emergency Psychiatry, Narcology and Psychorehabilitation, Saint Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine.</p><p>192242, Saint Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andreysin2013@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лодягин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lodyagin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лодягин Алексей Николаевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель отдела клинической токсикологии.</p><p>192242, Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksej N. Lodyagin.</p><p>192242, Saint Petersburg.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбачева</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbacheva</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горбачева Татьяна Васильевна - заведующая судебно-химическим отделом.</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana V. Gorbacheva.</p><p>195067, Saint Petersburg.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синенченко</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinenchenko</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Синенченко Георгий Иванович - Заслуженный врач РФ, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель отдела неотложной хирургии.</p><p>192242, Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Georgy I. Sinenchenko.</p><p>192242, Saint Petersburg.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батоцыренов</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Batotsyrenov</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Батоцыренов Баир Васильевич - доктор медицинских наук, доцент, главный научный сотрудник отдела клинической токсикологии.</p><p>192242, Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bair V. Batotsyrenov.</p><p>192242, Saint Petersburg.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи имени И.И. Джанелидзе</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State Budgetary Health Care Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Синенченко А.Г., Лодягин А.Н., Горбачева Т.В., Синенченко Г.И., Батоцыренов Б.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Синенченко А.Г., Лодягин А.Н., Горбачева Т.В., Синенченко Г.И., Батоцыренов Б.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sinenchenko A.G., Lodyagin A.N., Gorbacheva T.V., Sinenchenko G.I., Batotsyrenov B.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/426">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/426</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования — установить объективные достоверные морфологические признаки смертельных отравлений 4-оксибутановой кислотой (4-ОБК).</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проведён анализ 49 актов судебно-медицинского исследования трупов, в судебно-медицинском диагнозе которых в разделе основная причина смерти указано «Острое отравление 4-ОБК». Работа выполнена в бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы Санкт-Петербурга. В каждом исследуемом случае анализировались результаты морфологического (макро- и микроскопические) и судебно-химического исследования биологических тканей. Статистическую обработку полученных результатов осуществляли в программе Statistic for Windows (версия 10). При статистической обработке использованы числовые характеристики переменных (M ± SD, Me [Q25; Q75]), χ2 — критерий Пирсона, коэффициент корреляции Спирмана.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В ходе работы установлена средняя смертельная доза 4-ОБК в артериальной крови, равная 273,6 ± 125,1 мг/л. При судебно-химическом исследовании сочетанное употребление 4-ОБК и других наркотических веществ (НВ) и психоактивных веществ (ПАВ) диагностировано в 48,9% случаев. Из причин, приведших к смерти, ненасильственная и некриминальная смерть вследствие отравления 4-ОБК устанавливалась чаще — в 33 (67,3%) случаях, падение потерпевшего с высоты со смертельным исходом — в 11 (22,4%), насильственная смерть в результате тупой и острой травмы реже — в 2 (4,09%) случаях. Из макроскопических признаков острых смертельных отравлений 4-ОБК наблюдалась увеличенная масса внутренних органов (сердца, лёгких, селезёнки, печени) в прямой связи с концентрацией токсиканта в крови. Микроскопические признаки острого смертельного отравления токсикантом включали в себя особенности гемоциркуляции, характерные для внезапной смерти. Сопутствующая патология, диагностирована в 32,6% случаев в виде дистрофических изменений внутренних органов. В свою очередь, гепатит С и вирус иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ) выявлены у 13 (26,5%) погибших.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Таким образом, признаки, характерные для острых смертельных отравлений 4-ОБК, включают в себя, прежде всего, особенности гемоциркуляции, характерные для внезапной смерти. Наиболее тяжело поражается головной мозг, что проявляется деструктивным отёком. Для отравлений характерно также наличие серозного отёка лёгких. Выявлены макроскопические признаки отравлений, включающие в себя увеличение массы сердца, лёгких, селезёнки и печени в прямой связи с концентрацией токсиканта в крови. Следует заметить, что сопутствующая патология в виде дистрофических изменений внутренних органов свидетельствует о длительном характере употребления токсиканта, приводящем к выраженным метаболическим нарушениям.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the study was to establish objective reliable morphological signs of fatal poisoning with 4-hydroxybutanoic acid (4-HBA).</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The 49 acts of forensic medical examination of corpses with «Acute poisoning with 4-hydroxybutanoic acid» as the main cause of death were analyzed. The work was done in the Saint Petersburg Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise.</p><p>The results of morphological (macro - and microscopic) as well as forensic chemical studies of biological tissues were evaluated.</p><p>The results were statistically processed using Statistic for Windows software (version 10). The numerical characteristics of the variables (M ± SD, Me [Q25; Q75]), χ2 — Pearson's criterion, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were applied for statistical processing.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The average lethal dose of 4-HBA in arterial blood was found to be equal to 273,6 ± 125,1 mg/l. In a forensic chemical study the combined use of 4-HBA and other narcotic substances (NS) and psychoactive substances (PAS) was diagnosed in 48.9% of cases. Of the causes leading to death, non-violent and «non-criminal» death due to 4-HBA poisoning was established more often - in 67.3% (33) of cases, a fall of the victim from a height with a fatal outcome - in 22.4% (11), less often violent death as a result of blunt and acute trauma - in 4.09% (2) cases.</p><p>Among the macroscopic signs of acute lethal poisoning with 4-HBA were an increased mass of internal organs (heart, lungs, spleen, liver) in direct connection with the concentration of the toxicant in the blood. Microscopic signs of acute lethal poisoning by a toxicant included blood circulation features characteristic of sudden death.</p><p>Concomitant pathology was diagnosed in 32.6% of cases in the form of degenerative changes in internal organs. In turn, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were detected in 26.5% (13) of the dead.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Thus, the signs characteristic for acute fatal poisoning with 4-HBA include the features of hemocirculation characteristic of sudden death. The brain is most severely affected, which is manifested by destructive edema. Poisoning is also characterized by the presence of serous pulmonary edema. Macroscopic signs of poisoning were revealed, including an increase in the weight of the heart, lungs, spleen and liver in direct connection with the concentration of the toxicant in the blood.</p><p>It should be noted that the concomitant pathology in the form of dystrophic changes in the internal organs indicates the long-term nature of the use of the toxicant leading to pronounced metabolic disorders.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd><kwd>острые отравления</kwd><kwd>4-оксибутановая кислота</kwd><kwd>токсикология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic medical examination</kwd><kwd>acute poisoning</kwd><kwd>4-hydroxybutanoic acid</kwd><kwd>toxicology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Begemann K., Glaser N., Desel H. 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