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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-277-285</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-639</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная оценка генотоксических эффектов технических продуктов карбендазима в тесте Эймса и микроядерном тесте in vivo</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative evaluation of the genotoxicity of carbendazim technical grade active ingredients in the Ames test and micronucleus in vivo test</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4748-8771</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>Ольга Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>Olga Valerevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела генетической токсикологии, ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, г. Мытищи Московской области, Российская Федерация.</p><p>e-mail: egorovaov@fferisman.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, senior researcher of the department of genetic toxicology, FBES “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing.</p><p>e-mail: egorovaov@fferisman.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egorovaov@fferisman.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2973-8776</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аверьянова</surname><given-names>Наталья Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Averyanova</surname><given-names>Natalia Sergeevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">averianovans@fferisman.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4635-2496</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кара</surname><given-names>Лилия Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kara</surname><given-names>Liliya Alexandrovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">karala@fferisman.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-9465</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илюшина</surname><given-names>Наталия Алексеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyushina</surname><given-names>Natalya Alexandrovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">iliushinana@fferisman.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>277</fpage><lpage>285</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Егорова О.В., Аверьянова Н.С., Кара Л.А., Илюшина Н.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Егорова О.В., Аверьянова Н.С., Кара Л.А., Илюшина Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Egorova O.V., Averyanova N.S., Kara L.A., Ilyushina N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/639">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/639</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Карбендазим — системный фунгицид из класса бензимидазолов, применяемый против широкого спектра заболеваний сельскохозяйственных культур. В тестах in vitro и in vivo показана способность карбендазима индуцировать возникновение хромосомных аберраций и микроядер в клетках млекопитающих за счет влияния на процессы формирования веретена деления в клеточном цикле. В бактериальной тест-системе Salmonella/микросомы получены противоречивые данные, свидетельствующие как об отсутствии мутагенной активности карбендазима, так и о наличии позитивных эффектов. Неоднозначные результаты могут быть обусловлены влиянием примесей.</p><p>Цель исследования — сравнительное изучение генотоксичности разных технических продуктов карбендазима.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Оценку генотоксичности карбендазима проводили с использованием метода обратных генных мутаций на 5 штаммах Salmonella typhimurium в условиях метаболической активации (+S9) и в её отсутствии (–S9), микроядерного теста на мышах линии CD-1. Тестировали два технических образца и аналитический стандарт карбендазима.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование ограничено тестированием мутагенной активности двух образцов технических продуктов карбендазима и одного образца его аналитического стандарта в тестах in vivo и in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В тесте Эймса аналитический стандарт карбендазима не проявил мутагенной активности (±S9) ни на одном из штаммов. Наиболее выраженный мутагенный эффект наблюдали на штамме ТА98 в случае тестирования одного из технических продуктов карбендазима, при этом число ревертантных колоний в максимальной концентрации в 5–7 раз превышало число спонтанных ревертантов в отрицательном контроле. В тесте Эймса позитивные эффекты технических продуктов карбендазима, вероятно опосредованы наличием примесей. В условиях in vivo все исследованные образцы индуцировали статистически значимое и зависимое от дозы образование микроядер в полихроматофильных эритроцитах (ПХЭ) костного мозга мышей. Среднее значение частоты ПХЭ с микроядрами в максимальной дозе превышала этот показатель в отрицательном контроле в 21–24 раза.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. С учетом высокого содержания действующего вещества в исследованных образцах метод оценки обратных генных мутаций на бактериях является высокочувствительным тестом для оценки эквивалентности технических продуктов-дженериков карбендазима. Ввиду выраженного анеугенного действия карбендазима применение микроядерного теста в случае оценки эквивалентности технических продуктов оригинальному веществу является нецелесообразным. </p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование с участием животных одобрено локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Егорова О.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала и данных литературы, анализ результатов, написание текста; Аверьянова Н.С. — сбор данных литературы, сбор материала; Кара Л.А. — сбор материала, статистическая обработка; Илюшина Н.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор данных литературы, анализ результатов, написание текста. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 08 сентября 2022 / Принята в печать: 22 сентября 2022 / Опубликована: 30 октября 2022</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Carbendazim is a systemic benzimidazole fungicide used against a wide range of crop diseases. The ability of carbendazim to induce the incidence of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in mammalian cells by influencing the processes of mitotic spindle formation in the cell cycle have been shown in various in vitro and in vivo tests. Contradictory data were obtained in the bacterial test system Salmonella/microsomes, indicating both the absence and the presence of mutagenic activity of carbendazim. The discrepancy in the results may stem from the presence of impurities.</p><p>The aim of the study was a comparative evaluation of the genotoxicity of various technical products of carbendazim.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The genotoxicity of carbendazim was studied using the plate incorporation version of the Ames test on 5 strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and the absence of metabolic activation system (+S9/-S9) and in a micronucleus test in CD-1 mice. Two technical grade active ingredients (TGAI) and an analytical standard for carbendazim were tested.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In the Ames test, the analytical standard of carbendazim possessed no mutagenic activity (±S9) on any of the strains. The most pronounced mutagenic effect was observed for the TGAI I in TA98 strain, the number of revertants at the maximum concentration was 5–7 times higher than that in the negative control. The positive effects of carbendazim TGAIs in the Ames test are likely mediated by the presence of impurities. Under in vivo conditions, all tested TGAIs of carbendazim induced a statistically significant and dose-dependent formation of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) of mouse bone marrow. The mean frequency of PCE with micronuclei at the maximum dose exceeded this rate in the negative control by 21–24 times.</p></sec><sec><title>Research limitations</title><p>Research limitations. The study is limited to testing the mutagenic activity of two samples of carbendazim technical products and one sample of its analytical standard in both in vivo and in vitro tests.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Taking into account the high content of the active substance in the tested TGAIs, the bacterial reverse mutation test is a highly sensitive method for assessment of the equivalence of carbendazim generic products. The use of a micronucleus test for evaluating of the equivalence of carbendazim TGAIs to the original substance is inappropriate due to the pronounced aneugenic effect.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study involving animals was approved by the FBES “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing.</p></sec><sec><title>Author contribution</title><p>Author contribution: Egorova O.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text; Averyanova N.S. — collection and processing of material; Kara L.A. — collection of material, statistical analysis; Ilyushina N.A. — the concept and design of the study, processing of material, writing a text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. Authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study was not sponsored.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: September 08, 2022 / Accepted: September 22, 2022 / Published: October 30, 2022</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генотоксичность</kwd><kwd>микроядерный тест in vivo</kwd><kwd>тест Эймса</kwd><kwd>пестициды</kwd><kwd>карбендазим</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>genotoxicity</kwd><kwd>micronucleus in vivo test</kwd><kwd>the Ames test</kwd><kwd>impurities</kwd><kwd>carbendazim</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davidse L.C., and Flach W. 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