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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-307-314</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-642</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование нейротоксинов в фундаментальных, медицинских и биологических науках на примере 1-метил-4-фенил-1,2,3,6-тетрагидропиридина (МФТП)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The use of neurotoxins in fundamental, medical and biological sciences on the example of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0073-1677</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафандеев</surname><given-names>Виталий Васильевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Safandeev</surname><given-names>Vitalij Vasilevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. отд. ингаляционной токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 140014, г. Мытищи Московской области, Российская Федерация.</p><p>e-mail: visa.doc@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Department. Inhalation toxicology of the FSUE FNTSG named after F.F. Erisman Rospotrebnadzor, 140014, Mytishchi, Moscow region, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: visa.doc@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">visa.doc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1344-3866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синицкая</surname><given-names>Татьяна Алексеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinitskaya</surname><given-names>Tat’yana Alekseevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">sinitskaiata@fferisman.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science «F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene» of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>307</fpage><lpage>314</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сафандеев В.В., Синицкая Т.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сафандеев В.В., Синицкая Т.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Safandeev V.V., Sinitskaya T.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/642">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/642</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Нейротоксины представляют собой класс химических веществ, повреждающих нейроны. Схожим действием обладают некоторые пестициды. Увеличение районов с развитой тяжелой промышленностью и сельским хозяйством, бесконтрольное использование пестицидов способствуют возникновению и прогрессированию болезни Альцгеймера и болезни Паркинсона (БП). Коварство БП состоит в том, что болезнь до сих пор является неизлечимой, поскольку отсутствует её ранняя диагностика: десятилетия она протекает бессимптомно, а к моменту манифестации уже отсутствуют нейроны-мишени для терапии. Учитывая, что диагноз ставится на поздних этапах развития БП, лечение заболевания неэффективно. Отсюда следует, что для повышения эффективности лечения его надо начинать как можно раньше — до появления моторных симптомов, на доклинической стадии. Для этого сначала надо разработать раннюю (доклиническую) диагностику БП на основе углубленного изучения клеточно-молекулярных механизмов патогенеза.</p><p>С целью разработки ранней диагностики и превентивной терапии БП в данном исследовании был использован пронейротоксин 1-метил-4-фенил-1,2,3,6-тетрагидропиридин (МФТП).</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Для моделирования доклинической и клинической стадий БП инбредным линиям животных вводили МФТП по определенным схемам. Оценивали поведение подопытных животных, а после их декапитации определяли содержание моноаминов в структурах головного мозга и периферических органах методом ВЭЖХ, проводили морфофункциональный анализ исследуемых тканей и органов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На животных смоделирована клиническая стадия БП, отвечающая ключевым характеристикам БП у человека и гипотетическая доклиническая стадия БП на животных, на которой был успешно апробирован метод ранней диагностики. На этой модели показан ряд важнейших биохимических изменений в периферических органах, свидетельствующий о системном характере заболевания и предшествующий возникновению клинической стадии БП.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Результаты настоящего исследования могут транслироваться на людей только после получения аналогичных результатов на обезьянах. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Расширяются знания о механизмах действия некоторых нейротоксинов, которые с успехом используются для нужд фундаментальных, медицинских и биологических наук.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.Участие авторов. Все соавторы внесли равнозначный вклад в исследование и подготовку статьи к публикации.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 08 сентября 2022 / Принята в печать: 22 сентября 2022 / Опубликована: 30 октября 2022</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Neurotoxins are a class of chemicals that damage neurons. Some pesticides have a similar effect. The increase in areas with developed heavy industry and agriculture, uncontrolled use of pesticides contribute to the emergence and progression of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The insidiousness of PD is that it is still incurable, since there is no early diagnosis: for decades it has been asymptomatic, and by the time of manifestation there are no target neurons for therapy. Considering that the diagnosis is made at the late stages of PD development, the treatment of the disease is ineffective. It follows that in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment, it should be started as early as possible – before the appearance of motor symptoms, at the preclinical stage. To do this, it is first necessary to develop an early (preclinical) diagnosis of PD based on an in-depth study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. </p><p>In order to develop early diagnosis and preventive therapy of PD, proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used in this study. </p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. To simulate the preclinical and clinical stages of PD, inbred lines of animals were injected with MPTP according to certain schemes. The behavior of experimental animals was assessed, and after their decapitation, the content of monoamines in the structures of the brain, peripheral organs, and blood plasma was determined by HPLC, and a morphofunctional analysis of the studied tissues and organs was performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The clinical stage of PD was modeled in animals, which corresponds to the key characteristics of PD in humans. A hypothetical preclinical stage of PD was modeled in animals, on which the method of early diagnosis was successfully tested. This model shows a number of important biochemical changes in peripheral organs, indicating the systemic nature of the disease and preceding the onset of the clinical stage of PD.</p></sec><sec><title>Research limitations</title><p>Research limitations. The results of this study can only be applied to humans only after similar results have been obtained in monkeys. </p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Only after obtaining similar results in monkeys the results of this study can be translated to humans.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Knowledge about the mechanisms of action of some neurotoxins is expanding, which are successfully used for the needs of fundamental, medical and biological sciences.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Author contribution</title><p>Author contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest. </p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study was not sponsored.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: September 08, 2022 / Accepted: September 22, 2022 / Published: October 30, 2022</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейротоксины</kwd><kwd>пестициды</kwd><kwd>1-метил-4-фенил-1</kwd><kwd>2</kwd><kwd>3</kwd><kwd>6-тетрагидропиридин</kwd><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurotoxins</kwd><kwd>pesticides</kwd><kwd>1-methyl-4-phenyl-1</kwd><kwd>2</kwd><kwd>3</kwd><kwd>6-tetrahydropyridine</kwd><kwd>Parkinson’s disease</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Ch. A. Liu Z., Zhang Zh. et al. A Scientometric Analysis and Visualization of Research on Parkinson‘s Disease Associated With Pesticide Exposure. 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