toxreviewТоксикологический вестникToxicological Review0869-79223034-4611Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-2-99-108toxreview-690Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИORIGINAL ARTICLESСтойкие органические токсиканты в грудном молоке женщин юга и севера Дальнего Востока России и оценка риска для здоровья младенцевPersistent organic toxicants in the breast milk of women in the south and north of the Far East of Russia and infant health risk assessmenthttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3746-1084МироноваЕкатерина КонстантиновнаMironovaEkaterina Konstantinovna

 SPIN-код: 2358-3800 

SPIN-код: 2358-3800

mironova_kate@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2108-4448ДонецМаксим МихайловичDonetsMaxim Mikhailovich

 SPIN-код: 9023-6473; Scopus Author ID: 57205716388; Researcher ID: W-8730-2018 

SPIN-код: 9023-6473; Scopus Author ID: 57205716388; Researcher ID: W-8730-2018

maksim.donecz@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-2010ГумовскийАлександр НиколаевичGumovskyAlexandr Nikolaevich

 SPIN-код: 4319-4728 

SPIN-код: 4319-4728

gumovskii.an@dvfu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-5493ГумовскаяЮлия ПетровнаGumovskayaYulia Petrovna

 SPIN-код: 8381-4723; Scopus Author ID: 57216505882 

SPIN-код: 8381-4723; Scopus Author ID: 57216505882

nupl@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0496-7000БояроваМаргарита ДмитриевнаBoyarovaMargarita Dmitrievna

 SPIN-код: 8872-8933 

SPIN-код: 8872-8933

boyarova.m@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9022-7684АнисимоваИрина ЮрьевнаAnisimovaIrina Yuryevna

 SPIN-код: 9079-1788 

SPIN-код: 9079-1788

anis-ira76@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-3725КовальИрина ПетровнаKovalIrina Petrovna

 SPIN-код: 6100-6474 

SPIN-код: 6100-6474

koval.ip@dvfu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5095-7260ЦыганковВасилий ЮрьевичTsygankovVasiliy Yurievich

октор биол. наук, доцент, директор департамента комплексных проектов ФГАОУ ВО «ДФУ»; и.о. декана факультета промышленных биотехнологий и биоинженерии Передовой инженерной школы «Институт биотехнологий, биоинженерии и пищевых систем» ФГАОУ ВО «ДФУ»; профессор Международной кафедры ЮНЕСКО «Морская экология» Института Мирового океана ФГАОУ ВО «ДФУ», 690041, г. Владивосток, Российская Федерация.

e-mail: tsig_90@mail.ru

SPIN-код: 5047-8410; Scopus Author ID: 56150726400; Researcher ID: J-4069-2013 

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Director of the Department of Complex Projects Far Eastern Federal University; Acting Dean of the Faculty of Industrial Biotechnology and Bioengineering of the Advanced Engineering School “Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems” Far Eastern Federal University; Professor of the UNESCO International Chair “Marine Ecology” Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation.

e-mail: tsig_90@mail.ru

SPIN-код: 5047-8410; Scopus Author ID: 56150726400; Researcher ID: J-4069-2013

 

tsig_90@mail.ruФГАОУ ВО «Дальневосточный федеральный университет»РоссияFar Eastern Federal UniversityRussian FederationГБУЗ «Чукотская окружная больница»РоссияChukotka Regional HospitalRussian Federation20232704202331299108Copyright © Миронова Е.К., Донец М.М., Гумовский А.Н., Гумовская Ю.П., Боярова М.Д., Анисимова И.Ю., Коваль И.П., Цыганков В.Ю., 20232023Миронова Е.К., Донец М.М., Гумовский А.Н., Гумовская Ю.П., Боярова М.Д., Анисимова И.Ю., Коваль И.П., Цыганков В.Ю.Mironova E.K., Donets M.M., Gumovsky A.N., Gumovskaya Y.P., Boyarova M.D., Anisimova I.Y., Koval I.P., Tsygankov V.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/690Введение

Введение. Программы мониторинга стойких органических загрязняющих веществ (СОЗ) в окружающей среде и в организме человека осуществляются в различных странах мира. Согласно рекомендациям Всемирной организации здравоохранения, среди наиболее достоверных индикаторов воздействия токсикантов на здоровье выделяют грудное молоко женщин. 

Цель исследования — изучение аккумуляции СОЗ (гексахлорциклогексана (ГХЦГ), дихлордифенилтрихлорэтана (ДДТ), полихлорированных бифенилов (ПХБ)) в грудном молоке женщин юга и севера Дальнего востока России и оценка экологического риска для здоровья младенцев.

Материал и методы

Материал и методы. Пробы грудного молока (n = 94) собирали с помощью сотрудников нескольких учреждений здравоохранения региона (Приморский край и Чукотский автономный округ (ЧАО)). Возраст участниц исследования составил от 15 до 49 лет. Концентрации хлорорганических пестицидов (ХОП) и ПХБ в образцах грудного молока исследовали методом газовой хроматомасс-спектрометрии. 

Результаты

Результаты. Концентрации СОЗ (∑ГХЦГ + ∑ДДТ + ∑ПХБ) в пробах грудного молока жительниц Приморья варьировали от 23 до 878 (медиана (Ме) 128) нг/г липидов, и от 13 до 621 (Ме 58) нг/г липидов в образцах молока женщин Чукотского АО. Диапазоны концентраций ХОП (∑ГХЦГ + ∑ДДТ) и ∑ПХБ для жительниц Приморья составили — 3–291 (Ме 72) и 3–720 (Ме 52) нг/г липидов соответственно, для ЧАО — 7–275 (Ме 27) и 1–431 (Ме 28) нг/г липидов соответственно.

Ограничением исследования является небольшая выборка проб. Однако это не мешает нам проводить оценку и делать предварительные выводы для последующего глубокого анализа состояния этих регионов».

Заключение

Заключение. Во всех образцах грудного молока обнаружены стойкие органические загрязняющие вещества. Общее содержание СОЗ в пробах грудного молока женщин Приморья выше такового в Чукотском автономном округе. Расчёты по оценке риска показали отсутствие превышения расчётного суточного потребления (EDI) у младенцев, употребляющих грудное молоко в двух регионах. Как следует из результатов расчёта EDI, уровень поступления в организм ПХБ у новорождённых в Чукотке в 1,6 раза выше по сравнению с Приморским краем. В связи с тем, что действие ПХБ связывают с эффектами, оказывающими негативное воздействие на развитие ребёнка и риском развития различных патологий, требуется постоянный мониторинг грудного молока. 

Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено этическим комитетом Школы биомедицины ФГАОУ ВО «Дальневосточный федеральный университет», дело № 4, протокол № 5 от 19 декабря 2017 года. 

Согласие пациентов

Согласие пациентов. Каждый участник исследования (или его законный представитель) дал информированное добровольное письменное согласие на участие в исследовании и публикацию персональной медицинской информации в обезличенной форме в журнале «Токсикологический вестник».

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Миронова Е.К. — написание текста; Цыганков В.Ю. — руководитель исследования, редактирование; Донец М.М. — статистический анализ; Гумовский А.Н., Гумовская Ю.П. — редактирование; Боярова М.Д. — обработка материала; Анисимова И.Ю., Коваль И.П. — сбор материала. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда (соглашение № 18-14-00120).

Поступила в редакцию

Поступила в редакцию: 13 ноября 2022 / Принята в печать: 02 марта 2023 / Опубликована: 30 апреля 2023 

Introduction

Introduction. National programs for monitoring organochlorine compounds (OCs) in the human body are being implemented in different countries. According to WHO, one of the most reliable indicators of the impact of POPs on human health is the determination of their content in women’s breast milk.

In this regard, the purpose of the study was to study the accumulations of organic pollutants (OCPs and PCBs) in the breast milk of women in the south and north of the Far East region of Russia and to assess the environmental risk for infants.

Material and methods

Material and methods. Breast milk samples (n=94) was collected in several healthcare institutions in the region (Primorsky Krai and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) with the written consent of the participants in the experiment. The women’s age ranged from 15 to 49 years. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in breast milk samples were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 

Results

Results. The concentrations of POPs (∑HCH+∑DDT+∑PCB) in the samples in women’s breast milk of Primorye varied from 23 to 878 (median (Ме) 128) ng/g and from 13 to 621 (Ме 58) ng/g of lipids in the samples of women from the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, respectively. The range of concentrations of OCPs (∑HCH+∑DDT) and ∑PCBd for residents of Primorye was 3–291 (Ме 72) and 3–720 (Ме 52) ng/g of lipids, for CAO — 7–275 (Ме 27) and 1–431 (Ме 28) ng/g lipid, respectively.

Limitation of the study

Limitation of the study. The limitation of the study is a small sample sample. However, this does not prevent us from conducting an assessment and making preliminary conclusions for the subsequent in-depth analysis of the state of these regions.

Сonclusion

Сonclusion. Persistent organic contaminants were found in all breast milk samples. The total content of POPs in women’s breast milk of Primorye is higher than in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in all age groups. Calculations to assess the risk of not exceeding the estimated daily intake (EDI) in breastfed infants in two regions. As follows from the results of the calculation of EDI, the level of PCB intake in newborns in Chukotka is 1.6 times higher than in Primorsky Krai. Since the action of PCBs is associated with effects that have a negative impact on the development of the child and the risk of possibility of developing various pathologies, this situation is alarming.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the School of Biomedicine of the Far Eastern Federal University, case No. 4, protocol No. 5 dated December 19, 2017.

Patient consent

Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal “Toksikologicheskiy vestnik (Toxicological Review)”.

Contribution

Contribution: Mironova E.K. — writing the text; Tsygankov V.Yu. — head of the study, editing; Donets M.M. — statistical analysis; Gumovsky A.N., Gumovskaya Yu.P. — editing; Boyarova M.D. — material processing; Anisimova I.Yu., Koval I.P. — collection of material. All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (agreement No. 18-14-00120).

Received

Received: November 11, 2022 / Accepted: March 2,2023 / Published: April 30, 2023

стойкие органические загрязняющие веществахлорорганические пестицидыполихлорированные бифенилыгрудное молокооценка рискаПриморский крайЧукотский автономный округPOPsHOPPCBsbreast milkrisk assessmentPrimorsky KraiChukotka Autonomous OkrugReferencesUpadhayay J., Rana M., Juyal V., Bisht S.S., Joshi R. Impact of pesticide exposure and associated health effects. Pesticides in crop production: physiological and biochemical action. 2001; 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119432241.ch5Upadhayay J., Rana M., Juyal V., Bisht S.S., Joshi R. Impact of pesticide exposure and associated health effects. Pesticides in crop production: physiological and biochemical action. 2001; 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119432241.ch5Nicholson W.J., Landrigan P.J. Human Health Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Dioxins and Health. 1994; 487–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1462-0_15Nicholson W.J., Landrigan P.J. Human Health Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Dioxins and Health. 1994; 487–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1462-0_15Tanabe S, Subramanian A. Bioindicators of POPs: monitoring in developing countries. Kyoto University Press; Trans Pacific Press, Kyoto, Japan: Melbourne; 2006.Tanabe S, Subramanian A. Bioindicators of POPs: monitoring in developing countries. Kyoto University Press; Trans Pacific Press, Kyoto, Japan: Melbourne; 2006.Unguryanu T., Novikov S., Buzinov R., Gudkov A., Grjibovski A. Respiratory diseases in a town with heavy pulp and paper industry. Epidemiologia and prevenzione. 2010; 34: 138.Unguryanu T., Novikov S., Buzinov R., Gudkov A., Grjibovski A. Respiratory diseases in a town with heavy pulp and paper industry. Epidemiologia and prevenzione. 2010; 34: 138.Бобун И.И., Иванов С.И., Унгуряну Т.Н., Гудков А.Б., Лазарева Н.К. К вопросу о региональном нормирование химических веществ в воде на примере Архангельской области. Гигиена и санитария. 2011; 3: 91–5.Bobun I.I., Ivanov S.I., Ungurianu T.N., Gudkov A.B., Lazarev N.K. Regional standardization of water chemical substances in case of the Arkhangelsk region. Gigiena I Sanitariya. 2011; 3: 91–5. (in Russian)Бузинов Р.В., Кику П.Ф., Унгуряну Т.Н., Ярыгина М.В., Гудков А.Б. От Поморья до Приморья: социально-гигиенические и экологические проблемы здоровья населения: монография. Архангельск: Изд-во Северного государственного медицинского университета. 2016; 397.Buzinov R.V., Kiku P.F., Unguryanu T.N., Yarygina M.V., Gydkov A.B. From Pomorie to Primorye: socio-hygienic and ecological problems of public health: monograph [Ot Pomor`ya do Primor`ya: social`no-gigienicheskie i e`kologicheskie problemy` zdorov`ya naseleniya: monografiya]. Arkhangelsk: Izd-vo Severnogo gosudarstvennogo medicinskogo universiteta. 2016; 397. (in Russian)Tsygankov V.Yu., Gumovskaya Yu.P., Gumovskiy A.N., Koval I.P., Boyarova M.D. Organic Chlorine Compounds in Breast Milk of Women in the South of the Russian Far East. Ekologiya cheloveka [Human Ecology]. 2020; 4: 12–8. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2020-4-12-18Tsygankov V.Yu., Gumovskaya Yu.P., Gumovskiy A.N., Koval I.P., Boyarova M.D. Organic Chlorine Compounds in Breast Milk of Women in the South of the Russian Far East. Ekologiya cheloveka [Human Ecology]. 2020; 4: 12–8. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2020-4-12-18Toichuev R.M., Zhilova L.V., Paizildaev T.R., Khametova M.S., Rakhmatillaev A., Sakibaev K.S., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in placenta in Kyrgyzstan and the effect on pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 25(32): 31885–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0962-6Toichuev R.M., Zhilova L.V., Paizildaev T.R., Khametova M.S., Rakhmatillaev A., Sakibaev K.S., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in placenta in Kyrgyzstan and the effect on pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 25(32): 31885–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0962-6Дударев А.А. Персистентные полихлорированные углеводороды и тяжёлые металлы в арктической биосфере: основные закономерности экспозиции и репродуктивное здоровье коренных жителей. Биосфера. 2009; 1 (2): 186–202.Dudarev A.A. Persistent polychlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals in arctic biosphere: the main regularities of exposure and reproductive health of indigenous people. Biosphere. 2009; 1(2): 186–202. (in Russian)Van Oostdam J., Gilman A., Dewailly E., Usher P., Wheatley B., Kuhnlein H., et al. Human health implications of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: a review. Sci Total Environ. 1999; 230(1): 165–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00036-4Van Oostdam J., Gilman A., Dewailly E., Usher P., Wheatley B., Kuhnlein H., et al. Human health implications of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: a review. Sci Total Environ. 1999; 230(1): 165–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00036-4Tsygankov V.Y., Khristoforova N.K., Lukyanova O.N., Boyarova M.D., Kiku P.F., Yarygina M.V. Selected Organochlorines in Human Blood and Urine in the South of the Russian Far East. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2017; 99: 460–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2152-0Tsygankov V.Y., Khristoforova N.K., Lukyanova O.N., Boyarova M.D., Kiku P.F., Yarygina M.V. Selected Organochlorines in Human Blood and Urine in the South of the Russian Far East. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2017; 99: 460–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2152-0Tsygankov V.Yu., Boyarova M.D. Sample preparation method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic organisms by gas chromatography. Achievements in the Life Science. 2015; 9: 65–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.als.2015.05.010Tsygankov V.Yu., Boyarova M.D. Sample preparation method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic organisms by gas chromatography. Achievements in the Life Science. 2015; 9: 65–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.als.2015.05.010Tsygankov V.Yu., Lukyanova O.N., Boyarova M.D. Organochlorine pesticide accumulation in seabirds and marine mammals from the Northwest Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2018; 128: 208–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.027Tsygankov V.Yu., Lukyanova O.N., Boyarova M.D. Organochlorine pesticide accumulation in seabirds and marine mammals from the Northwest Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2018; 128: 208–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.027Bawa P. Persistent Organic Pollutants Residues in Human Breast Milk from Bathinda and Ludhiana Districts of Punjab. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2018; 75: 512–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-0512-3Bawa P. Persistent Organic Pollutants Residues in Human Breast Milk from Bathinda and Ludhiana Districts of Punjab. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2018; 75: 512–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-0512-3Wu L., Liu Y., Liu X., Bajaj A., Sharma M., Lal R., et al. Isotope fractionation approach to characterize the reactive transport processes governing the fate of hexachlorocyclohexanes at a contaminated site in India. Environmental International. 2019; 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105036Wu L., Liu Y., Liu X., Bajaj A., Sharma M., Lal R., et al. Isotope fractionation approach to characterize the reactive transport processes governing the fate of hexachlorocyclohexanes at a contaminated site in India. Environmental International. 2019; 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105036Mamontova E.A., Tarasova E.N., Mamontov A.A. PCBs and OCPs in human milk in Eastern Siberia, Russia: Levels, temporal trends and infant exposure assessment. Chemosphere. 2017; 178: 239–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.058Mamontova E.A., Tarasova E.N., Mamontov A.A. PCBs and OCPs in human milk in Eastern Siberia, Russia: Levels, temporal trends and infant exposure assessment. Chemosphere. 2017; 178: 239–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.058Tsydenova O.V., Sudaryanto A., Kajiwara N. Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from Republic of Buryatia, Russia. Environmental Pollution. 2007; 146: 225–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.036Tsydenova O.V., Sudaryanto A., Kajiwara N. Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from Republic of Buryatia, Russia. Environmental Pollution. 2007; 146: 225–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.036Mueller J.F., Harden F., Toms L.M., Symons R., Fürst P. Persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk samples from Australia. Chemosphere. 2008; 70: 712–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.037Mueller J.F., Harden F., Toms L.M., Symons R., Fürst P. Persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk samples from Australia. Chemosphere. 2008; 70: 712–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.037Bergkvist C., Aune M., Nilsson I., Sandanger T.M., Hamadani J.D., Tofail et al. Occurrence and levels of organochlorine compounds in human breast milk in Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 2012; 88: 784–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.083Bergkvist C., Aune M., Nilsson I., Sandanger T.M., Hamadani J.D., Tofail et al. Occurrence and levels of organochlorine compounds in human breast milk in Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 2012; 88: 784–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.083Behrooz D.R., Sari E.A., Bahramifar N., Naghdi F., Shahriyari A. Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human milk from Tabriz, Iran. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. 2009; 91(8): 1455–68.Behrooz D.R., Sari E.A., Bahramifar N., Naghdi F., Shahriyari A. Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human milk from Tabriz, Iran. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. 2009; 91(8): 1455–68.Zhou J., Zeng X., Zheng K., Zhu X., Ma L., Xu Q., et al. Musks and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Shanghai, China: Levels, temporal trends and exposure assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2012; 84: 325–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.011Zhou J., Zeng X., Zheng K., Zhu X., Ma L., Xu Q., et al. Musks and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Shanghai, China: Levels, temporal trends and exposure assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2012; 84: 325–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.011Rojas-Squella X., Santos L., Baumann W., Landaeta D., Jaimes A., Correa J.C., et al. Presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk samples from Colombian women. Chemosphere. 2013; 91: 733–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.026Rojas-Squella X., Santos L., Baumann W., Landaeta D., Jaimes A., Correa J.C., et al. Presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk samples from Colombian women. Chemosphere. 2013; 91: 733–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.026Lee S., Kim S., Lee H. K., Lee I. S., Park J., Kim H. J., et al. Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea: Time-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment. Chemosphere. 2013; 93: 1578–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011Lee S., Kim S., Lee H. K., Lee I. S., Park J., Kim H. J., et al. Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea: Time-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment. Chemosphere. 2013; 93: 1578–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011Al-Targi Z.H.M., Abou El Ela R.G., El-Dressi A.Y. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast milk in El-Gabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. IPCBEE International Conference on Life Science and Technology. 2011; 3: 146–9.Al-Targi Z.H.M., Abou El Ela R.G., El-Dressi A.Y. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast milk in El-Gabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. IPCBEE International Conference on Life Science and Technology. 2011; 3: 146–9.Chávez-Almazán L.A., Diaz-Ortiz J., Alarcón-Romero M., Dávila-Vazquez G., Saldarriaga-Noreña H., Waliszewski S.M. Organochlorine Pesticide Levels in Breast Milk in Guerrero, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxico. 2014; 93: 294–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1308-4Chávez-Almazán L.A., Diaz-Ortiz J., Alarcón-Romero M., Dávila-Vazquez G., Saldarriaga-Noreña H., Waliszewski S.M. Organochlorine Pesticide Levels in Breast Milk in Guerrero, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxico. 2014; 93: 294–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1308-4Szyrwińska K., Lulek J. Exposure to specific polychlorinated biphenyls and some chlorinated pesticides via breast milk in Poland. Chemosphere. 2007; 66: 1895–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.010Szyrwińska K., Lulek J. Exposure to specific polychlorinated biphenyls and some chlorinated pesticides via breast milk in Poland. Chemosphere. 2007; 66: 1895–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.010Johnson-Restrepo B., Addink R., Wong C., Arcaro K., Kannan K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts, USA. J Environ Monit. 2007; 9: 1205. https://doi.org/10.1039/b711409pJohnson-Restrepo B., Addink R., Wong C., Arcaro K., Kannan K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts, USA. J Environ Monit. 2007; 9: 1205. https://doi.org/10.1039/b711409pMüller M.H.B., Polder A., Brynildsrud O.B., Karimi M., Lie E., Manyilizu W.B., et al. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in Northern Tanzania. Environmental Research. 2017; 154: 425–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.031Müller M.H.B., Polder A., Brynildsrud O.B., Karimi M., Lie E., Manyilizu W.B., et al. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in Northern Tanzania. Environmental Research. 2017; 154: 425–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.031Ennaceur S., Gandoura N., Driss M.R. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Human Milk of Mothers Living in Northern Tunisia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2007; 78: 325–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9185-8Ennaceur S., Gandoura N., Driss M.R. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Human Milk of Mothers Living in Northern Tunisia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2007; 78: 325–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9185-8Cok I., Yelken Ç., Durmaz E., Üner M., Sever B., Satır F. Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Organochlorine Pesticide Levels in Human Breast Milk from the Mediterranean city Antalya, Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011; 86: 423–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0221-3Cok I., Yelken Ç., Durmaz E., Üner M., Sever B., Satır F. Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Organochlorine Pesticide Levels in Human Breast Milk from the Mediterranean city Antalya, Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011; 86: 423–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0221-3Fujii Y., Ito Y., Harada K.H., Hitomi T., Koizumi A., Haraguchi K. Comparative survey of levels of chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides in breast milk from some cities of China, Korea and Japan. Chemosphere. 2012; 89: 452–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.098Fujii Y., Ito Y., Harada K.H., Hitomi T., Koizumi A., Haraguchi K. Comparative survey of levels of chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides in breast milk from some cities of China, Korea and Japan. Chemosphere. 2012; 89: 452–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.098Haraguchi K., Koizumi A., Inoue K., Harada K.H., Hitomi T., Minata M., et al. Levels and regional trends of persistent organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Asian breast milk demonstrate POPs signatures unique to individual countries. Environment International. 2009; 35: 1072–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.003Haraguchi K., Koizumi A., Inoue K., Harada K.H., Hitomi T., Minata M., et al. Levels and regional trends of persistent organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Asian breast milk demonstrate POPs signatures unique to individual countries. Environment International. 2009; 35: 1072–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.003Lenters V., Iszatt N., Forns J., Čechová E., Kočan A., Legler J., et al. Early-life exposure to persistent organic pollutants (OCPs, PBDEs, PCBs, PFASs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multi-pollutant analysis of a Norwegian birth cohort. Environment International. 2019; 125: 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.020Lenters V., Iszatt N., Forns J., Čechová E., Kočan A., Legler J., et al. Early-life exposure to persistent organic pollutants (OCPs, PBDEs, PCBs, PFASs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multi-pollutant analysis of a Norwegian birth cohort. Environment International. 2019; 125: 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.020Jovanović G., Romanić S.H., Stojić A., Klinčić D., Sarić M.M., Letinić J.G., Popović A. Introducing of modeling techniques in the research of POPs in breast milk – A pilot study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2019; 172: 341–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.087Jovanović G., Romanić S.H., Stojić A., Klinčić D., Sarić M.M., Letinić J.G., Popović A. Introducing of modeling techniques in the research of POPs in breast milk – A pilot study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2019; 172: 341–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.087Tsygankov V.Yu., Boyarova M.D., Lukyanova O.N. Bioaccumulation of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by gray whale and Pacific walrus from the western part of the Bering Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2015; 99: 235–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.020Tsygankov V.Yu., Boyarova M.D., Lukyanova O.N. Bioaccumulation of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by gray whale and Pacific walrus from the western part of the Bering Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2015; 99: 235–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.020FAO/WHO (2005) Joint meeting of the panel of experts on pesticide residues. https://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/jmpr/en/FAO/WHO (2005) Joint meeting of the panel of experts on pesticide residues. https://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/jmpr/en/

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.