<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-3-169-177</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-710</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка бионакопления и токсического действия наночастиц оксидов алюминия и молибдена, используемых в качестве активного компонента бактерицидных средств</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation of bioaccumulation and toxic effect of aluminum and molybdenum oxide nanoparticles used as an active component of bactericidal agents</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанков</surname><given-names>Марк Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepankov</surname><given-names>Mark Sergeevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант, младший научный сотрудник отдела биохимических и цитогенетических методов диагностики ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Роспотребнадзора, 614045, Пермь, Российская Федерация. </p><p>e-mail: stepankov@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Graduate student, junior researcher of the Department of Biochemical and Сytogenetic Diagnostics of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies of Rospotrebnadzor, 614045, Perm, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: stepankov@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stepankov@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>169</fpage><lpage>177</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Степанков М.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Степанков М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stepankov M.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/710">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/710</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Наночастицы (НЧ) оксида алюминия (Al2O3) и оксида молибдена (MoO3) обладают потенциалом применения в качестве активного компонента бактерицидных средств. Одновременно с этим в научной литературе имеются сведения о негативных эффектах данных НЧ для организма. В связи с этим актуальным является изучение и сравнительный анализ токсичности НЧ Al2O3 и MoO3.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Исследованы физические свойства НЧ Al2O3 и MoO3. В эксперименте на крысах линии Wistar изучены особенности бионакопления и токсического действия тестируемых наноматериалов при многократной ингаляционной экспозиции. </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. По параметрам размера, формы, площади поверхности и суммарного объёма пор изучаемые образцы являются наноматериалами. При экспозиции НЧ Al2O3 установлено статистически значимое относительно контроля увеличение концентрации алюминия в лёгких, головном мозге, печени и крови; при экспозиции НЧ MoO3 — молибдена в сердце, лёгких, головном мозге, почках и крови. При экспозиции НЧ MoO3 установлен более широкий спектр измененных относительно контроля биохимических показателей негативных эффектов (повышение активности щелочной фосфатазы (ЩФ), лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ), концентрации билирубина общего и прямого, мочевины, креатинина), чем при экспозиции НЧ Al2O3 (повышение активности аланинаминотрансферазы (АЛТ), аспартатаминотрансферазы (АСТ), ЩФ, ЛДГ, концентрации билирубина прямого).</p><p>Патоморфологические изменения тканей лёгких, головного мозга, сердца и печени установлены при воздействии НЧ Al2O3; тканей лёгких, головного мозга и печени — при воздействии НЧ MoO3. Однако изменения тканей при экспозиции НЧ MoO3 более выражены, что при воздействии НЧ Al2O3. </p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование выполнено только при многократной ингаляционной экспозиции НЧ Al2O3 и MoO3 на крысах линии Wistar.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Различия в токсикокинетике НЧ Al2O3 и MoO3 не позволяет выделить среди них более опасное для здоровья человека, в связи с чем необходимы дополнительные исследования.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование выполнено в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией по защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментальных или в иных научных целях (ETS № 123), и требованиями этического комитета ФНЦ Медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения (протоколы № 5 и 6 от 20.01.2021 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнено за счёт федерального бюджета.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 23 января 2023 / Принята в печать: 26 мая 2023 / Опубликована: 30 июня 2023</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Nanoparticles (NPs) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and molybdenum oxide (MoO3) have the potential to be used as an active component of bactericidal agents. At the same time, there is information in the scientific literature about the negative effects of these NPs on organism. Given that, it seems relevant to perform the study and comparative analysis of the toxicity of Al2O3 and MoO3 NPs.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. We examined physical properties of Al2O3 NPs and MoO3 NPs. In an experiment on Wistar rats, peculiarities of bioaccumulation and toxic action at multiply inhalation exposure was researched. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The examined samples were a nanomaterial judging by such parameters as particle size, shape, surface area and total pore volume. Under exposure to Al2O3 NPs, aluminum concentrations were statistically significant increase in the lungs, brain, liver and blood relative to the control; under exposure to MoO3 NPs — molybdenum concentration in heart, lungs, brain, kidney and blood. Under exposure to MoO3 NPs, a wider range of negative effects changed relative to the control of biochemical parameters (increased activity of ALP, LDH, concentrations of total and direct bilirubin, urea, creatinine) was established than during exposure to Al2O3 NPs (increased activity of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, concentrations direct bilirubin). Pathomorphological changes were identified in the lungs, brain, heart and liver under exposure to Al2O3 NPs; in lungs, brain and liver under exposure to MoO3 NPs in the lungs. However, tissue changes upon exposure to MoO3 NPs are more pronounced than those upon exposure to Al2O3 NPs. </p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study involved only multiple inhalation exposure to Al2O3 NPs and MoO3 NPs in an experiment on Wistar rats.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Differences in the toxicokinetics of Al2O3 and MoO3 NPs do not make it possible to single out among them those that are more dangerous for human health, and therefore additional studies are needed.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was accomplished in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123) and requirements of the Local Committee on Ethics of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (the Meeting Report No. 5 and 6 issued on January 20, 2021).</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The author declares no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The research was granted financial support from the federal budget.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: December 27, 2022 / Accepted: May 26, 2023 / Published: June 30, 2023</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>оксид алюминия</kwd><kwd>оксид молибдена</kwd><kwd>ингаляционная экспозиция</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>aluminum oxide</kwd><kwd>molybdenum oxide</kwd><kwd>inhalation exposure</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global nanomaterials market (2021 to 2029) – featuring BASF, Bayer and Chasm Technologies among others. Research and Markets. Available at: https://clck.ru/34jnqj (accessed 05.12.2022)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global nanomaterials market (2021 to 2029) – featuring BASF, Bayer and Chasm Technologies among others. Research and Markets. Available at: https://clck.ru/34jnqj (accessed 05.12.2022)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanotechnology market – size, share, COVID impact analysis and forecast to 2027. Research and Markets. Available at: https://clck.ru/34kxtw (accessed 05.12.2022)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nanotechnology market – size, share, COVID impact analysis and forecast to 2027. Research and Markets. Available at: https://clck.ru/34kxtw (accessed 05.12.2022)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borodianskiy K., Zinigrad M. Nanomaterials applications in modern metallurgical processes. Diffusion Foundations. 2016; 9: 30–41. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DF.9.30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borodianskiy K., Zinigrad M. Nanomaterials applications in modern metallurgical processes. Diffusion Foundations. 2016; 9: 30–41. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DF.9.30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neme K., Nafady A., Uddin S., et al. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture, postharvest loss reduction and food processing: food security implication and challenges. Heliyon. 2021; 7(12): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08539</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neme K., Nafady A., Uddin S., et al. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture, postharvest loss reduction and food processing: food security implication and challenges. Heliyon. 2021; 7(12): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08539</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shafique M., Luo X. Nanotechnology in transportation vehicles: an overview of Its applications, environmental, health and safety concerns. Materials (Basel). 2019; 12(15): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152493</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shafique M., Luo X. Nanotechnology in transportation vehicles: an overview of Its applications, environmental, health and safety concerns. Materials (Basel). 2019; 12(15): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152493</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salata O.V. Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2004; 2(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-2-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salata O.V. Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2004; 2(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-2-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie G., Bai H., Miao G. The applications of ultra-thin nanofilm for aerospace advanced manufacturing technology. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021; 11(12): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123282</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie G., Bai H., Miao G. The applications of ultra-thin nanofilm for aerospace advanced manufacturing technology. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021; 11(12): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123282</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu L., Liao K., Tang B. Applications of graphene and Its derivatives in the upstream oil and gas industry: a systematic review. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020; 10(6): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu L., Liao K., Tang B. Applications of graphene and Its derivatives in the upstream oil and gas industry: a systematic review. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020; 10(6): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shafiq M., Anjum S., Hano C., et al. An Overview of the Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanodevices in the Food Industry. Foods. 2020; 9(2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shafiq M., Anjum S., Hano C., et al. An Overview of the Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanodevices in the Food Industry. Foods. 2020; 9(2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piracha S., Saleem S., Momil et al. Nanoparticle: role in chemical industries, potential sources and chemical catalysis applications. Sch. Int. J. Chem. Mater. Sci. 2021; 4(4): 40–5. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2021.v04i04.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piracha S., Saleem S., Momil et al. Nanoparticle: role in chemical industries, potential sources and chemical catalysis applications. Sch. Int. J. Chem. Mater. Sci. 2021; 4(4): 40–5. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2021.v04i04.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rouch D.A., Lee B.T., Morby A.P. Understanding cellular responses to toxic agents: a model for mechanism‐choice in bacterial metal resistance. J. Ind. Microbiol. 1995; 14(2): 132–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01569895</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rouch D.A., Lee B.T., Morby A.P. Understanding cellular responses to toxic agents: a model for mechanism‐choice in bacterial metal resistance. J. Ind. Microbiol. 1995; 14(2): 132–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01569895</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu C., Akakuru O.U., Zheng J., Wu A. Applications of Iron Oxide-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Bacterial Infections. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019; 7: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu C., Akakuru O.U., Zheng J., Wu A. Applications of Iron Oxide-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Bacterial Infections. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019; 7: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gold K., Slay B., Knackstedt M., Gaharwar A.K. Antimicrobial Activity of Metal and Metal-Oxide Based Nanoparticles. Adv. Ther. 2018; 1(3): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.201700033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gold K., Slay B., Knackstedt M., Gaharwar A.K. Antimicrobial Activity of Metal and Metal-Oxide Based Nanoparticles. Adv. Ther. 2018; 1(3): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.201700033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raghunath A., Perumal E. Metal oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: A promise for the future. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2017; 49: 137–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raghunath A., Perumal E. Metal oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: A promise for the future. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2017; 49: 137–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Susanty D., Haris M.S., Taher M., Khotib J. Natural Products-Based Metallic Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents. Front. Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.895616</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Susanty D., Haris M.S., Taher M., Khotib J. Natural Products-Based Metallic Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents. Front. Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.895616</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanchez-Lopez E., Gomes D., Esteruelas G., et al. Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(2): 1–39. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020292</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanchez-Lopez E., Gomes D., Esteruelas G., et al. Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(2): 1–39. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020292</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gudkov S.V., Burmistrov D.E., Smirnova V.V. et al. A Mini Review of Antibacterial Properties of Al2O3 Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(15): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152635</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gudkov S.V., Burmistrov D.E., Smirnova V.V. et al. A Mini Review of Antibacterial Properties of Al2O3 Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(15): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152635</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Picarra S., Lopes E., Almeida P. Novel coating containing molybdenum oxide nanoparticles to reduce Staphylococcus aureus contamination on inanimate surfaces. PLoS One. 2019; 14(3): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Picarra S., Lopes E., Almeida P. Novel coating containing molybdenum oxide nanoparticles to reduce Staphylococcus aureus contamination on inanimate surfaces. PLoS One. 2019; 14(3): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dighore N., Jadhav S., Anandgaonker P., et al. Molybdenum Oxide Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents. J. Clust. Sci. 2017; 28: 109–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-016-1048-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dighore N., Jadhav S., Anandgaonker P., et al. Molybdenum Oxide Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents. J. Clust. Sci. 2017; 28: 109–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-016-1048-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Indrakumar J., Korrapati P.S. Steering efficacy of nano molybdenum towards cancer: mechanism of action. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2020; 194(1): 121–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01742-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Indrakumar J., Korrapati P.S. Steering efficacy of nano molybdenum towards cancer: mechanism of action. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2020; 194(1): 121–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01742-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fakhri A., Nejad P.A. Antimicrobal, antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles and application of this for degradation of ketamine under different light illumination. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2016; 159: 211–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fakhri A., Nejad P.A. Antimicrobal, antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles and application of this for degradation of ketamine under different light illumination. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2016; 159: 211–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arul Prakash F., Dushendra Babu G.J., Lavanya M., et al. Toxicity studies of aluminium oxide nanoparticles in cell lines. Int. J. Nanotech. Appl. 2011; 5(2): 99–107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arul Prakash F., Dushendra Babu G.J., Lavanya M., et al. Toxicity studies of aluminium oxide nanoparticles in cell lines. Int. J. Nanotech. Appl. 2011; 5(2): 99–107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Hussainy el-H.M., Hussein A.M., Abdel-Aziz A. et al. Effects of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles on ECG, myocardial inflammatory cytokines, redox state, and connexin 43 and lipid profile in rats: possible cardioprotective effect of gallic acid. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2016; 94(8): 868–78. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2015-0446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Hussainy el-H.M., Hussein A.M., Abdel-Aziz A. et al. Effects of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles on ECG, myocardial inflammatory cytokines, redox state, and connexin 43 and lipid profile in rats: possible cardioprotective effect of gallic acid. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2016; 94(8): 868–78. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2015-0446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сизова Е.А., Мирошников С.А., Калашников В.В. Цитоморфологические и биохимические показатели крыс линии Wistar под влиянием молибденсодержащих наночастиц. Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2016; 51(6): 929–36. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2016.6.929rus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sizova E.A., Miroshnikov S.A., Kalashnikov V.V. Morphological and biochemical parameters in Wistar rats influenced by molybdenum and its oxide nanoparticles. Sel’skohozyajstvennaya biologiya. 2016; 51(6): 929–36. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2016.6.929rus (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen L., Yokel R., Henning B., et al. Manufactured aluminum oxide nanoparticles decrease expression of tight junction proteins in brain vasculature. J. Neuroimmune. Pharmacol. 2008; 3(4): 286–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-008-9131-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen L., Yokel R., Henning B., et al. Manufactured aluminum oxide nanoparticles decrease expression of tight junction proteins in brain vasculature. J. Neuroimmune. Pharmacol. 2008; 3(4): 286–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-008-9131-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pham-Huy L.A., He H., Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 2008; 4(2): 89–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pham-Huy L.A., He H., Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 2008; 4(2): 89–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phanindra A., Jestadi D.B., Periyasamy L. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2015; 30(1): 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12291-014-0446-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phanindra A., Jestadi D.B., Periyasamy L. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2015; 30(1): 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12291-014-0446-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Božinović K., Nestić D., Centra U.G. et al. In-vitro toxicity of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles on human keratinocytes. Toxicology. 2020; 444: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2020.152564</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Božinović K., Nestić D., Centra U.G. et al. In-vitro toxicity of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles on human keratinocytes. Toxicology. 2020; 444: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2020.152564</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sirajuddin A., Raparia K., Lewis V.A., et al. Primary pulmonary lymphoid lesions: radiologic and pathologic findings. Radiographics. 2016; 36(1): 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016140339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sirajuddin A., Raparia K., Lewis V.A., et al. Primary pulmonary lymphoid lesions: radiologic and pathologic findings. Radiographics. 2016; 36(1): 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016140339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaptein F.H.J., Kroft L.J.M., Hammerschlag G., et al. Pulmonary infarction in acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb. Res. 2021; 202: 162–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.03.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaptein F.H.J., Kroft L.J.M., Hammerschlag G., et al. Pulmonary infarction in acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb. Res. 2021; 202: 162–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.03.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsia C.C.W. Signals and mechanisms of compensatory lung growth. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004; 97(5): 1992–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00530.2004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsia C.C.W. Signals and mechanisms of compensatory lung growth. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004; 97(5): 1992–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00530.2004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braydich-Stolle L., Hussain S., Schlager J.J., Hoffman M.-C. In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells. Toxicol. Sci. 2005; 88(2): 412–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi256</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braydich-Stolle L., Hussain S., Schlager J.J., Hoffman M.-C. In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells. Toxicol. Sci. 2005; 88(2): 412–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi256</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strukov A.I., Serov V.V. Pathological anatomy a textbook [Patologicheskaya anatomiya: uchebnik]. Мoscow: Litterra; 2010 (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strukov A.I., Serov V.V. Pathological anatomy a textbook [Patologicheskaya anatomiya: uchebnik]. Мoscow: Litterra; 2010 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Струков А.И., Серов В.В. Патологическая анатомия: учебник. М.: Литтерра; 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdelhalim M.A.K., Jarrar B.M. Gold nanoparticles induced cloudy swelling to hydropic degeneration, cytoplasmic hyaline vacuolation, polymorphism, binucleation, karyopyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis and necrosis in the liver. Lipids Health Dis. 2011; 10: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-10-166</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Z.Z., Berk M., McIntyre T.M., Gores G.J., Feldstein A.E. The lysosomal-mitochondrial axis in free fatty acid–induced hepatic lipotoxicity. Hepatology. 2008; 47(5): 1495–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Z.Z., Berk M., McIntyre T.M., Gores G.J., Feldstein A.E. The lysosomal-mitochondrial axis in free fatty acid–induced hepatic lipotoxicity. Hepatology. 2008; 47(5): 1495–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carvajai S., Perramón M., Oró D. et al. Cerium oxide nanoparticles display antilipogenic effect in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49262-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carvajai S., Perramón M., Oró D. et al. Cerium oxide nanoparticles display antilipogenic effect in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49262-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nazarenko G.I., Kishkun A.A. Clinical evaluation of laboratory results [Klinicheskaya ocenka rezul’tatov laboratornyh issledovanij]. Мoscow: Medicina; 2006. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazarenko G.I., Kishkun A.A. Clinical evaluation of laboratory results [Klinicheskaya ocenka rezul’tatov laboratornyh issledovanij]. Мoscow: Medicina; 2006. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
