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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-5-313-328</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">cszgnp</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-760</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECOLOGICAL TOXICOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка токсического воздействия ионов меди на показатели состояния бентосной диатомовой водоросли Actinocyclus subtilis (W.Gregory) Ralfs 1861 в эксперименте</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation the toxic effect of copper ions on the condition indices of benthic diatom Actinocyclus subtilis (W.Gregory) Ralfs 1861 in the experiment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0137-486X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>Алексей Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>Alexey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биол. наук, вед. науч. сотр., зав. отделом Экологии бентоса ФГБУН «ФИЦ "Институт биологии южных морей им. А.О. Ковалевского РАН"», 299011, Севастополь, Российская Федерация.</p><p>e-mail: alexpet-14@mail.ru</p><p>https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=8973404400</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading researcher, Head of Benthos Ecology Dept., FRC “A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS”, Sevastopol 335011, Russia.</p><p>e-mail: alexpet-14@mail.ru</p><p>https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=8973404400</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexpet-14@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9963-4967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Неврова</surname><given-names>Елена Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nevrova</surname><given-names>Elena L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела экологии бентоса ФГБУН «ФИЦ "Институт биологии южных морей им. А.О. Ковалевского РАН"», 299011, Севастополь, Российская Федерация.</p><p>e-mail: el_nevrova@mail.ru</p><p>https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=35277386100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=35277386100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">el_nevrova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр "Институт биологии южных морей имени А.О. Ковалевского РАН"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>313</fpage><lpage>328</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Петров А.Н., Неврова Е.Л., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Петров А.Н., Неврова Е.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Petrov A.N., Nevrova E.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/760">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/760</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Загрязнение морских прибрежных акваторий обусловливает актуальность экомониторинга на основе биотестирования с использованием микроводорослей с различной видоспецифической устойчивостью к действию поллютантов, что расширяет их применение в качестве биоиндикаторов.</p><p>Цель работы — определение пороговой концентрации ионов меди (Cu2+) для выживания и прироста численности клеток бентосной диатомовой водоросли Actinocyclus subtilis Ralfs 1861 под воздействием широкого диапазона концентрации токсиканта в ходе 10-суточных экспериментов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Изучена реакция клоновой культуры A. subtilis на воздействие возрастающих концентраций сульфата меди (от 16 до 1024 мкг/л в пересчёте на ионы Cu2+). В соответствии с разработанным протоколом, оценены следующие показатели: абсолютная численность и доля (%) живых клеток в тест-культуре, а также удельный прирост численности клеток при разных концентрациях токсиканта. Подсчет живых и мертвых клеток проведен по микрофотографиям для 12–15 случайных полей зрения под световым микроскопом Nikon Eclipse.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В контроле и при концентрации ионов меди 16 мкг/л прирост численности клеток в культуре описывается сигмоидной кривой отклика. В контроле фаза экспоненциального роста приходится на 5–7-е сутки, а при концентрации 16 мкг/л — на 3–5-е сутки. Определена пороговая концентрация ионов меди (32 мкг/л) для выживания A. subtilis, что в 3–7 раз ниже, чем для других видов бентосных диатомовых. При концентрации 32 мкг/л на кривой численности отсутствуют фазы ускорения и экспоненциального роста, а доля живых клеток снижается до 80% от контроля уже на 3-и сутки и до 39% — к 10-м суткам. При концентрациях Cu2+ 64 мкг/л и выше наблюдается угнетение и гибель культуры уже в 1–3-и сутки. В период 1–5-х суток отмечен положительный удельный прирост культуры A. subtilis при концентрации 16 и 32 мкг/л, при концентрации 64 мкг/л и выше наблюдается отмирание культуры. Для периода 5–10-х суток получены отрицательные значения удельного прироста культуры при всех концентрациях токсиканта.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. По результатам 10-суточных экспериментов с культурой морской бентосной диатомовой A. subtilis изучено влияние 8 концентраций сульфата меди. Для каждой концентрации учитывалось по 3 повторности, всего выполнено более 1350 измерений, что представляет достаточную выборку для статистически надежного определения видоспецифичных пороговых значений токсичности ионов меди.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют рекомендовать A. subtilis в качестве нового высокочувствительного объекта для токсикологических экспериментов, а также при экологическом мониторинге акваторий, подверженных техногенному загрязнению.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов, так как все эксперименты проводились на массовых одноклеточных нетоксичных водорослях, что не нарушает запреты, связанные с ущербом для экологической среды, жизненного пространства биологических сообществ, а также не приводит к необратимым изменениям в биологической (генетической) природе и здоровье человека.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов. Все соавторы подтверждают соответствие своего авторства международным критериям ICMJE (все авторы внесли существенный вклад в разработку концепции, проведение исследования и подготовку статьи, прочли и одобрили финальную версию перед публикацией).</p></sec><sec><title>Благодарность</title><p>Благодарность. Авторы выражают благодарность С.А. Трофимову и Ю.И. Литвину за помощь при содержании клоновых культур и проведение экспериментов, а также В.Н. Лишаеву за микрофотографирование на СЭМ Hitachi SU3500.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Работа проведена в отделе Экологии бентоса ФГБУН «ФИЦ "Институт биологии южных морей им. А.О. Ковалевского РАН"» в рамках Государственного задания по теме № 121030100028-02.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 09 июня 2023 / Принята к печати: 19 октября 2023 / Опубликована: 30 октября 202</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Pollution of marine coastal areas lead to the relevance of environmental monitoring including application of biotesting methods based on- the cultures of unicellular algae. Microalgae have different species-specific resistance to pollutants that expands application of different species as bioindicators of marine pollution.</p><p>The aim of the study was to determine the threshold concentration of copper ions (Cu2+) for the survival and increase in the cells number of benthic diatom Actinocyclus subtilis (W.Gregory) Ralfs 1861 (Bacillariophyta) under the wide range of toxicant concentrations during 10-day toxicological experiments.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The response of strain culture of the benthic diatom A. subtilis to various concentrations of copper sulfate (ranged from 16 to 1024 μg/l in terms of Cu2+ ions) was studied. In accordance with the previously developed protocol, the following indices were evaluated: alterations in the absolute number and proportion (%) of alive cells in the test-culture, as well as the specific growth rate in the number of A. subtilis cells at different concentrations of toxicant. Counting of alive and dead cells was carried out by micrographs taken for 12–15 random viewing fields under Nikon Eclipse inverted light microscope.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It was found that in the control and at concentration of copper ions 16 μg/l, the increase in the absolute number of cells in culture is described by sigmoid response curve. At the control еhe exponential growth phase occurs on days 5–7 and at concentration of 16 µg/l on days 3–5 of the experiment. The threshold concentration of copper ions (32 μg/l) which is critical for the survival of A. subtilis was determined, which is 3–7 times lower than threshold level for other benthic diatom species. At concentration of 32 µg/l, the phases of acceleration and exponential growth on the abundance curve are absent. The proportion of living cells in the culture decreases to 80% of the control level on day 3 and to 39% by day 10. At Cu2+ concentrations of 64 µg/l and above, sharp inhibition and death of culture is observed as early as 1–3 days. A positive specific growth rate of A. subtilis culture was revealed in the period of 1–5 days at copper concentration of 16 and 32 µg/l, and at concentration of 64 µg/l and higher the culture dies off. Negative values of the specific growth rate for all concentrations of the toxicant within the period of 5–10 days were obtained.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. By the results of 10-day experiments the effect of 8 concentrations of copper sulfate on the culture of marine benthic diatom A. subtilis was studied. Three replicates in each concentration and exposure time were measured (1350 measurements in total), which is sufficient sampling for statistically reliable determination of the threshold values of copper ion toxicity for given test object.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Considering the results obtained, the benthic diatom A. subtilis is highly sensitive to copper ions impact and can be recommended as new test-object for toxicology, as well as for application in monitoring of marine water areas subject to technogenic pollution.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the decision of biomedical ethics committee or other documents, since all experiments were carried out on common unicellular non-toxic algae, which does not violate any prohibitions associated with damage to the ecological environment, the living space of bio-communities, and also does not lead to irreversible changes in the biological (genetic) nature and human health.</p><p>Contribution of the authors. All authors confirm that their authorship complies with the international ICMJE criteria (all authors made a significant contribution to the development of concept, research and preparation of the article, read and approved its final version before publication).</p></sec><sec><title>Gratitude</title><p>Gratitude. The authors express their gratitude to S.A. Trofimov and Yu.I. Litvin for their help in maintaining clone cultures and conducting experiments, as well as to V.N. Lishaev for microphotography on the Hitachi SU3500 SEM.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>Acknowledgements. This study was carried out as a part of the State Assignment No. 121030100028-02 of the A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS in Benthos Ecology Dept.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: June 9, 2023 / Accepted: October 19, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биотестирование</kwd><kwd>микроводоросли</kwd><kwd>клоновая культура</kwd><kwd>сульфат меди</kwd><kwd>пороговая концентрация</kwd><kwd>численность клеток</kwd><kwd>Чёрное море</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>biotesting</kwd><kwd>microalgae</kwd><kwd>clonal strain</kwd><kwd>copper</kwd><kwd>threshold concentration</kwd><kwd>cell number</kwd><kwd>Black Sea</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капков В.И. Водоросли как биомаркеры загрязнения тяжелыми металлами морских прибрежных экосистем: Автореф. дис. … д-ра биол. наук. 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