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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-6-352-362</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">izuidk</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-782</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Новые трёхмерные модели in vitro для оценки токсичности углеродных нанотрубок</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>New 3D in vitro models for assessing the toxicity of carbon nanotubes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-5017</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габидинова</surname><given-names>Гульназ Фаезовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabidinova</surname><given-names>Gulnaz Faezovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ассистент кафедры гигиены, медицины труда ФГБОУ ВО Казанский ГМУ Минздрава России, г. Казань</p><p>e-mail: gulnaz.gabidinova@kazangmu.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant of the Department of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Kazan</p><p>e-mail: gabidinova26@yandex.ru</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gulnaz.gabidinova@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-2474</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимербулатова</surname><given-names>Гюзель Абдулхалимовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timerbulatova</surname><given-names>Gyuzel A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Старший преподаватель кафедры гигиены, медицины труда ФГБОУ ВО Казанский ГМУ МЗ РФ; врач по общей гигиене отдела коммунальной гигиены и гигиены труда ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан», 420012, г. Казань, Россия</p><p>e-mail: guzel.timerbulatova@kazangmu.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer at the Department of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, general hygiene doctor of the Department of Municipal Hygiene and Occupational Hygiene, FBHI «The Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan», 420012, г. Kazan, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: guzel.timerbulatova@kazangmu.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">guzel.timerbulatova@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1715-4655</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Убейкина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ubeykina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Студент медико-профилактического факультета, ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский ГМУ» МЗ РФ, 420012, г. Казань, Россия</p><p>e-mail: kate.ubeykina.0240@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student of the Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 420012, Kazan, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: kate.ubeykina.0240@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kate.ubeykina.0240@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1655-306X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саягфарова</surname><given-names>Алсу Айратовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sayagfarova</surname><given-names>Alsou A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Студент медико-профилактического факультета, ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский ГМУ» МЗ РФ, 420012, г. Казань, Россия</p><p>e-mail: sayagfarova.alsou@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student of the Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 420012, Kazan, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sayagfarova.alsou@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sayagfarova.alsou@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-563X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхутдинова</surname><given-names>Лилия Минвагизовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhutdinova</surname><given-names>Liliya M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой гигиены, медицины труда ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский ГМУ» МЗ РФ, 420012, г. Казань, Россия</p><p>e-mail: liliya.fatkhutdinova@kazangmu.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, professor, Head of the Department of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 420012, Kazan, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: liliya.fatkhutdinova@kazangmu.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">liliya.fatkhutdinova@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University; FBHI «The Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan)»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>352</fpage><lpage>362</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Габидинова Г.Ф., Тимербулатова Г.А., Убейкина Е.В., Саягфарова А.А., Фатхутдинова Л.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Габидинова Г.Ф., Тимербулатова Г.А., Убейкина Е.В., Саягфарова А.А., Фатхутдинова Л.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gabidinova G.F., Timerbulatova G.A., Ubeykina E.V., Sayagfarova A.A., Fatkhutdinova L.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/782">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/782</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В последние годы проявляется интерес к трёхмерным клеточным моделям, которые более точно отражают условия in vivo и могут стать альтернативой экспериментам на животных при оценке токсичности наноматериалов. Существует необходимость в разработке 3D-моделей дыхательных путей человека, которые смогут заполнить пробел между традиционными клеточными культурами in vitro и лабораторными животными.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Разработаны моно- и совместные 3D-модели на основе клеток бронхиального эпителия BEAS-2B и фибробластов легких MRC5-SV40. В качестве материалов для исследования использовали очищенные и неочищенные от металлических примесей углеродные нанотрубки (УНТ) российского производства: ОУНТ TUBALL™ и МУНТ Таунит-М. Диапазон исследуемых концентраций включал концентрации, соответствующие реальным производственным экспозициям (0,0006–100 мкг/мл). Для оценки цитотоксичности УНТ в клеточных моделях определяли уровень активности лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ) через 72 ч экспозиции.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Цитотоксические эффекты УНТ в 2D- и 3D-клеточных моделях проявились в разных диапазонах концентраций: трехмерная модель клеток бронхиального эпителия оказалась более чувствительной к воздействию УНТ по сравнению с монослойной, тогда как в сфероидной модели фибробластов был отмечен более высокий порог цитотоксичности для многостенных углеродных нанотрубок, по сравнению с традиционной клеточной культурой. В трёхмерной совместной культуре клеток значимое повышение ЛДГ наблюдалось, начиная с более высоких концентраций, по сравнению с монокультурами.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Настоящее исследование было ограничено использованием одного типа теста на цитотоксичность при изучении влияния УНТ на клетки дыхательной системы.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработан способ трехмерного культивирования клеток дыхательной системы человека для моделирования взаимодействия эпителиальных и стромальных клеток нижних дыхательных путей. Традиционные 2D-клеточные модели могут демонстрировать заниженные или завышенные оценки токсичности материалов. Усовершенствованные 3D- модели in vitro, приближенные по своим свойствам и морфологии к нативной ткани, обладают большей надёжностью при определении токсических доз и мишеней.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Габидинова Г.Ф. — разработка подходов культивирования трёхмерных моделей, проведение тестов на клетках, обзор литературы, статистическая обработка данных, обобщение полученных результатов, написание текста;Тимербулатова Г.А. — культивирование клеток, проведение тестов на клетках, обобщение полученных результатов, редактирование;Убейкина Е.В. — обзор литературы, культивирование клеток, обработка данных;Саягфарова А.А. — обзор литературы, проведение тестов на клетках, обработка данных;Фатхутдинова Л.М. — дизайн исследования, анализ материала, редактирование.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи. </p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-25-00512. https://rscf.ru/project/22-25-00512/</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 09 сентября 2023 / Дата принятия в печать: 03 декабря 2023 / Дата публикации: 29 декабря 2023</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In recent years, there has been interest in 3D cellular models that more accurately reflect in vivo conditions and can become an alternative to animal experiments in assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials. There is a need to develop 3D models of the human respiratory tract that can bridge the gap between traditional in vitro cell cultures and laboratory animals.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Mono- and co-culture 3D-models based on bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B and lung fibroblasts MRC5-SV40 have been developed. Pristine and purified from metal impurities TUBALL™ SWCNTs and Taunit-M MWCNTs were used as materials for the study. The range of concentrations studied included concentrations corresponding to actual occupational exposures (0.0006–100 µg/ml). To assess the cytotoxicity of CNTs in cell models, the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was determined after 72 hours of exposure.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The cytotoxic effects of CNTs in 2D and 3D cell models manifested themselves in different concentration ranges: a three-dimensional model of bronchial epithelial cells turned out to be more sensitive to the effects of CNTs compared to a monolayer one, while in a spheroid model of fibroblasts a higher cytotoxicity threshold was noted for multi-walled carbon nanotubes compared to traditional cell culture. In three-dimensional cell co-cultures, a significant increase in LDH was observed starting at higher concentrations compared to monocultures.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The present study was limited to the use of one type of cytotoxicity test when examining the effects of CNTs on cells of the respiratory system.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. A method has been developed for three-dimensional cultivation of cells of the human respiratory system to simulate the interaction of epithelial and stromal cells of the lower respiratory tract. Traditional 2D cell models may underestimate or overestimate the toxicity of materials. Improved 3D in vitro models, closer in their properties and morphology to native tissue, are more reliable in determining toxic doses and targets.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Author contribution</title><p>Author contribution:Gabidinova G.F. — literature review, development of approaches for cultivating 3D-models, conducting tests on cells, statistical data processing, summarizing the results obtained, writing text;Timerbulatova G.A. — cell culturing, conducting tests on cells, summarizing the results obtained, editing;Ubeikina E.V. — literature review, cell culturing, data processing;Sayagfarova A.A. — literature review, conducting tests on cells, data processing;Fatkhutdinova L.M. — research design, analysis of the results, editing.All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22-25-00512. https://rscf.ru/project/22-25-00512/</p></sec><sec><title>Date of receipt</title><p>Date of receipt: September 9, 2023 / Date of acceptance for printing: December 3, 2023 / Date of publication: December 29, 2023</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>3D-модель</kwd><kwd>наноматериалы</kwd><kwd>углеродные нанотрубки</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>цитотоксичность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>3D-model</kwd><kwd>nanomaterials</kwd><kwd>carbon nanotubes</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>cytotoxicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eatemadi A., Daraee H., Karimkhanloo H., et al. 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