<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-6-418-426</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">omslua</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-790</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Этиленоксид: методические подходы к определению остаточных количеств в пищевой продукции (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ethylene oxide: methodological approaches to the determination of residues in food products (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0048-0390</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукашкин</surname><given-names>Никита Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukashkin</surname><given-names>Nikita A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Химик-эксперт ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Московской области», 141014, г. Мытищи, Московская область, Россия</p><p>e-mail: nikitalukashkin@yandex.ry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Expert chemist, Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Moscow region, 141014, Mytishchi, Moscow region, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: nikitalukashkin@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikitalukashkin@yandex.ry</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7694-0646</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арасланов</surname><given-names>Ильгиз Наилевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Araslanov</surname><given-names>Ilgiz N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач по общей гигиене Филиала РПОХБВ ФБУН ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана Роспотребнадзора, 121087, г. Москва</p><p>e-mail: araslanov_in@rosreg.info</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>General hygiene doctor of the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances — Branch of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Rospotrebnadzor, 121087, Moscow, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: araslanov_in@rosreg.info</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">araslanov_in@rosreg.info</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Московской области»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Moscow region</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Филиал «Регистр потенциально опасных химических и биологических веществ» ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances — Branch of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>418</fpage><lpage>426</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лукашкин Н.А., Арасланов И.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лукашкин Н.А., Арасланов И.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lukashkin N.A., Araslanov I.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/790">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/790</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Этиленоксид является запрещенным к применению фумигантом в Российской Федерации и государствах Европейского союза (ЕС), однако вещество в ряде других стран применяется для обеззараживания продуктов питания перед их реализацией, поэтому есть риск поступления такой продукции на российский рынок, что может привести к негативным последствиям для здоровья населения. Остаточное содержание фумиганта в потребляемой продукции может стать причиной неврологических расстройств и развития рака у человека. Кроме того, обеспокоенность вызывает присутствие в продуктах питания 2-хлорэтанола, главного продукта трансформации этиленоксида, который образуется при взаимодействии фумиганта с матрицей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проведен анализ отечественных и зарубежных баз данных и нормативно-правовых актов по регулированию опасности и методам контроля этиленоксида и 2-хлорэтанола.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Токсикологическая характеристика этиленоксида и 2-хлорэтанола показывает необходимость установления допустимых уровней содержания контаминантов в пищевой продукции, и, как следствие, создание простого и эффективного аналитического метода контроля.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование ограничено изучением открытых литературных источников при описании токсикологической характеристики и методов анализа этиленоксида в пищевой продукции.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Проведённый анализ открытых литературных источников показал необходимость научного обоснования гигиенических нормативов и разработки метода контроля содержания этиленоксида и 2-хлорэтанола в пищевой продукции.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов. Все соавторы внесли равнозначный вклад в исследование и подготовку статьи к публикации.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 19 октября 2023 / Дата принятия в печать: 03 декабря 2023 / Дата публикации: 29 декабря 2023</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Ethylene oxide is a prohibited fumigant in the Russian Federation and the states of the European Union (EU), however, the substance is used in a number of other countries to disinfect food before they are sold, so there is a risk of such products entering the Russian market, which can lead to negative consequences for public health. The residues of the fumigant in consumed products can cause neurological disorders and the development of cancer in humans. In addition, the presence of 2-chloroethanol in foodstuffs, the main transformation product of ethylene oxide, which is formed during the interaction of the fumigant with the matrix, is of concern.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The analysis of domestic and foreign databases and regulatory legal acts on the regulation of the dangers of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol was carried out.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The toxicological characterization of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol shows the need to establish acceptable levels of contaminants in food, and, as a result, to create a simple and effective analytical control method.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations.The study is limited to a review of open literature sources in describing the toxicological characterization and methods of analysis of ethylene oxide in food products.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The analysis of open literature sources has shown the need for scientific substantiation of hygienic standards and the development of a method for controlling the content of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in food products.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.</p><p>Contribution of the authors. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Date of receipt</title><p>Date of receipt: October 19, 2023 / Date of acceptance for printing: December 3, 2023 / Date of publication: December 29, 2023</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>этиленоксид</kwd><kwd>2-хлорэтанол</kwd><kwd>газовая хроматография и масс-спектрометрия</kwd><kwd>пищевые продукты</kwd><kwd>пробоподготовка</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>канцерогенность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ethylene oxide</kwd><kwd>2-chloroethanol</kwd><kwd>gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry</kwd><kwd>food products</kwd><kwd>sample preparation</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>carcinogenicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рудаков О. Б. Этиленоксид. В кн. Большая российская энциклопедия. Том 35. М.: 2017: 488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudakov O.B. Ethylene oxide. In: The Great Russian Encyclopedia. Vol. 35. Мoscow: 2017: 488. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EURL-SRM-Analytical Observation Report, Analysis of Ethylene Oxide and its metabolite 2-Chloroethanol by the QuOil or the QuEChERS method and GC–MS/MS (December 2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EURL-SRM-Analytical Observation Report, Analysis of Ethylene Oxide and its metabolite 2-Chloroethanol by the QuOil or the QuEChERS method and GC–MS/MS (December 2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mendes G.C., Brandao T.R., Silva C.L. Ethylene oxide sterilization of medical devices: A review. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2007; 35: 574–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mendes G.C., Brandao T.R., Silva C.L. Ethylene oxide sterilization of medical devices: A review. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2007; 35: 574–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rutala W.A., Weber D.J. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rutala W.A., Weber D.J. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fowles J., Mitchell J., McGrath H. Assessment of cancer risk from ethylene oxide residues in spices imported into New Zealand. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001; 39: 1055–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fowles J., Mitchell J., McGrath H. Assessment of cancer risk from ethylene oxide residues in spices imported into New Zealand. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001; 39: 1055–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rebsdat S., Mayer D. Ethylene oxide. In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany. 2001; 13: 547–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rebsdat S., Mayer D. Ethylene oxide. In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany. 2001; 13: 547–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. France: IARC; Vol. 97, 100F.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. France: IARC; Vol. 97, 100F.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Роттердамская конвенция о процедуре предварительного обоснованного согласия в отношении отдельных опасных химических веществ и пестицидов в международной торговле. Принята 10.09.1998. www.pic.int</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. Adopted on 09/10/1998. www.pic.int (on Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Regulation (EU) No 649/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 concerning the export and import of hazardous chemicals.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regulation (EU) No 649/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 concerning the export and import of hazardous chemicals.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Технический регламент Таможенного союза «О безопасности парфюмерно-косметической продукции» (ТР ТС 009/2011). (утв. Решением Комиссии Таможенного союза от 23 сентября 2011 года N 799).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esposito G.C., Williams K., Bongiovanni R. Determination of ethylene oxide in air by gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1984; 56: 1950–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esposito G.C., Williams K., Bongiovanni R. Determination of ethylene oxide in air by gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1984; 56: 1950–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romano S.J., Renner J.A. Analysis of ethylene oxide - Woker exposure. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1979; 40: 742–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romano S.J., Renner J.A. Analysis of ethylene oxide - Woker exposure. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1979; 40: 742–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qazi A.H., Ketcham N.H. A new method for monitoring personal exposure to ethylene oxide in the occupational environment. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1977; 38: 635–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qazi A.H., Ketcham N.H. A new method for monitoring personal exposure to ethylene oxide in the occupational environment. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1977; 38: 635–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lefevre C., Ferrari P., Delcourt J., Guenier J.P., Muller J. Ethylene oxide pollution evaluation Part II: Sampling on HBr-treated charcoal tubes. Chromatographia. 1986; 21: 269–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lefevre C., Ferrari P., Delcourt J., Guenier J.P., Muller J. Ethylene oxide pollution evaluation Part II: Sampling on HBr-treated charcoal tubes. Chromatographia. 1986; 21: 269–73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greff G., Delcourt J., Guenier J.P., Herut–Bazin B., Muller J. Ethylene oxide pollution evaluation Part I: Sampling with active charcoal tubes. Chromatographia. 1986; 21: 201–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greff G., Delcourt J., Guenier J.P., Herut–Bazin B., Muller J. Ethylene oxide pollution evaluation Part I: Sampling with active charcoal tubes. Chromatographia. 1986; 21: 201–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH Method 1614 – ethylene oxide. In Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed.; NIOSH, U.S. Public Health Service: Cincinnati, OH, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH Method 1614 – ethylene oxide. In Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed.; NIOSH, U.S. Public Health Service: Cincinnati, OH, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah Y.; Michael S. OSHA Method 1010; Occupational Safety and Health Administration; Sandy, UT, USA, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah Y.; Michael S. OSHA Method 1010; Occupational Safety and Health Administration; Sandy, UT, USA, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cummins K. Ethylene Oxide (OSHA Method 50). United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Web site, 1985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cummins K. Ethylene Oxide (OSHA Method 50). United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Web site, 1985.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ASTM Standard D5578, 2004, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethylene Oxide in Workplace Atmospheres (HBr Derivatization Method),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ASTM Standard D5578, 2004, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethylene Oxide in Workplace Atmospheres (HBr Derivatization Method),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krämer W., Brock T.H., Hebisch R., Hartwig A. MAK Commission. Ethylene oxide – Method for the determination of ethylene oxide in workplace air using gas chromatography after solvent desorption. Air Monitoring Method. MAK Collect Occup Health Saf. 2022; Mar; 7(1): Doc021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krämer W., Brock T.H., Hebisch R., Hartwig A. MAK Commission. Ethylene oxide – Method for the determination of ethylene oxide in workplace air using gas chromatography after solvent desorption. Air Monitoring Method. MAK Collect Occup Health Saf. 2022; Mar; 7(1): Doc021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benedict J. Determination of ethylene oxide in fumigated copra products. J. AIner. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 1957; 34: 450.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benedict J. Determination of ethylene oxide in fumigated copra products. J. AIner. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 1957; 34: 450.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen K.G. Determination of ethylene oxide residues in processed food products by gas-liquid chromatography after derivatization. Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1988; 187: 535–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jensen K.G. Determination of ethylene oxide residues in processed food products by gas-liquid chromatography after derivatization. Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1988; 187: 535–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tateo F., Bononi M. Determination of ethylene chlorohydrin as marker of spices fumigation with ethylene oxide. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2006; 19: 83–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tateo F., Bononi M. Determination of ethylene chlorohydrin as marker of spices fumigation with ethylene oxide. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2006; 19: 83–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bononi M., Quaglia G., Tateo F. Identification of ethylene oxide in herbs, spices and other dried vegetables imported into Italy. Food Additives &amp; Contaminants: Part A. 2014; 31: 271–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bononi M., Quaglia G., Tateo F. Identification of ethylene oxide in herbs, spices and other dried vegetables imported into Italy. Food Additives &amp; Contaminants: Part A. 2014; 31: 271–75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stupák M/, Filatova M/, Kocourek V/, Hajšlová J. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of ethylene oxide: an emerged contaminant in seeds and spices. LCGC Supplements. Adv. Food Beverage Anal. 2021; 34: 5–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stupák M/, Filatova M/, Kocourek V/, Hajšlová J. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of ethylene oxide: an emerged contaminant in seeds and spices. LCGC Supplements. Adv. Food Beverage Anal. 2021; 34: 5–10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arya P., Dhyani V., Vyas S. Estimation of Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Chlorohydrin in Sesame Seeds Using Agilent 8890 GC and 7000D Triple Quadrupole MS System. Agilent Technologies application note, publication number 5994-3805EN, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arya P., Dhyani V., Vyas S. Estimation of Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Chlorohydrin in Sesame Seeds Using Agilent 8890 GC and 7000D Triple Quadrupole MS System. Agilent Technologies application note, publication number 5994-3805EN, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amtliche Sammlung von Untersuchungsverfahren nach § 64 LFGB, L53.00-1 (formerly ASU §35 LMBG L53.00-1).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amtliche Sammlung von Untersuchungsverfahren nach § 64 LFGB, L53.00-1 (formerly ASU §35 LMBG L53.00-1).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aitkenhead P., Vidnes A. Simple and accurate method for determination of ethylene chlorohydrin in dried spices and condiments. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1988; 71: 729–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aitkenhead P., Vidnes A. Simple and accurate method for determination of ethylene chlorohydrin in dried spices and condiments. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1988; 71: 729–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anastassiades M., Lehotay S.J., Stajnbaher, D., Schenck, F.J. Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. J. AOAC Int. 2003; 86: 412–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anastassiades M., Lehotay S.J., Stajnbaher, D., Schenck, F.J. Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. J. AOAC Int. 2003; 86: 412–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehotay S.J., Mastovska K., Lightfield A.R., Gates R.A. Multi-Analyst, Multi-Matrix Performance of the QuEChERS Approach for Pesticide Residues in Foods and Feeds Using LC-MS/MS Analysis with Different Calibration Techniques. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. 2010; 93(2): 355–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehotay S.J., Mastovska K., Lightfield A.R., Gates R.A. Multi-Analyst, Multi-Matrix Performance of the QuEChERS Approach for Pesticide Residues in Foods and Feeds Using LC-MS/MS Analysis with Different Calibration Techniques. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. 2010; 93(2): 355–67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nie J., Miao S., Lehotay S.J., Li W., Zhou H., Mao X., Lu J., Lan L., Ji S. Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in traditional Chinese medicines using gas chromatography – negative chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives &amp; Contaminants. Part A. 2015; 32: 1287–300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nie J., Miao S., Lehotay S.J., Li W., Zhou H., Mao X., Lu J., Lan L., Ji S. Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in traditional Chinese medicines using gas chromatography – negative chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives &amp; Contaminants. Part A. 2015; 32: 1287–300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Z., Feng M., Zhu K., Han L., Sapozhnikova Y.V., Lehotay S.J. Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in straw roughage by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2016; 64: 6091–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Z., Feng M., Zhu K., Han L., Sapozhnikova Y.V., Lehotay S.J. Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in straw roughage by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2016; 64: 6091–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cucu T., David F., Devos C. Analysis of Ethylene Oxide and 2-Chloroethanol in Food Products: Challenges and Solutions. LCGC Supplements. Adv. Food Beverage Anal. 2022; 18: 10–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cucu T., David F., Devos C. Analysis of Ethylene Oxide and 2-Chloroethanol in Food Products: Challenges and Solutions. LCGC Supplements. Adv. Food Beverage Anal. 2022; 18: 10–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bessaire T., Stroheker T., Eriksen B., Mujahid C., Hammel Y.A., Varela J., Delatour T., Panchaud A., Mottier P., Stadler R.H. Analysis of ethylene oxide in ice creams manufactured with contaminated carob bean gum (E410). Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 2021; 38: 2116–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bessaire T., Stroheker T., Eriksen B., Mujahid C., Hammel Y.A., Varela J., Delatour T., Panchaud A., Mottier P., Stadler R.H. Analysis of ethylene oxide in ice creams manufactured with contaminated carob bean gum (E410). Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 2021; 38: 2116–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woodrow J.E., McChesney M.M., Seiber J.N. Determination of ethylene oxide in spices using headspace gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem. 1995; 43: 2126–212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woodrow J.E., McChesney M.M., Seiber J.N. Determination of ethylene oxide in spices using headspace gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem. 1995; 43: 2126–212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arya P., Dhyani V. Estimation of Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Chlorohydrin in Foodstuffs by HS-GC/MS/MS. Agilent Technologies application note, publication number 5994-5378EN, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arya P., Dhyani V. Estimation of Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Chlorohydrin in Foodstuffs by HS-GC/MS/MS. Agilent Technologies application note, publication number 5994-5378EN, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gimeno P., Auguste M.-L., Handlos V., Nielsen A.M., Schmidt S., Lassu N., Vogel M., Fischer A., Brenier C., Duperray F. Identification and quantification of ethylene oxide in sterilized medical devices using multiple headspace GC/MS measurement. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018; 158: 119–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gimeno P., Auguste M.-L., Handlos V., Nielsen A.M., Schmidt S., Lassu N., Vogel M., Fischer A., Brenier C., Duperray F. Identification and quantification of ethylene oxide in sterilized medical devices using multiple headspace GC/MS measurement. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018; 158: 119–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arthur C.L., Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers. Anal. Chem. 1990; 62 (19): 2145–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arthur C.L., Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers. Anal. Chem. 1990; 62 (19): 2145–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martos P., Pawliszyn J. Calibration of solid phase microextraction for an analysis based on physical chemical properties of the coating. Anal. Chem. 1997; 69: 206–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martos P., Pawliszyn J. Calibration of solid phase microextraction for an analysis based on physical chemical properties of the coating. Anal. Chem. 1997; 69: 206–15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arthur C.L., Pratt K., Motlagh S., Pawliszyn J., Belardi R.P. Environmental analysis of organic compounds in water using solid phase micro extraction. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1992; 15: 741-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arthur C.L., Pratt K., Motlagh S., Pawliszyn J., Belardi R.P. Environmental analysis of organic compounds in water using solid phase micro extraction. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1992; 15: 741-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jalili V., Barkhordari A., Ghiasvand A. A comprehensive look at solid-phase microextraction technique: A review of reviews, Microchem. J. 2020; 152: 104319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jalili V., Barkhordari A., Ghiasvand A. A comprehensive look at solid-phase microextraction technique: A review of reviews, Microchem. J. 2020; 152: 104319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kataoka H. Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010; 396: 339–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kataoka H. Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010; 396: 339–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreira N., Lopes P., Cabral M., Guedes de Pinho P. HS-SPME/GC-MS methodologies for the analysis of volatile compounds in cork material. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2016; 242: 457–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreira N., Lopes P., Cabral M., Guedes de Pinho P. HS-SPME/GC-MS methodologies for the analysis of volatile compounds in cork material. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2016; 242: 457–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panighel A., Flamini R. Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPMEGC/MS) in the Study of Grape and Wine Volatile Compounds. Molecules. 2014; 19: 21291–309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panighel A., Flamini R. Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPMEGC/MS) in the Study of Grape and Wine Volatile Compounds. Molecules. 2014; 19: 21291–309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartelt R.J. Calibration of a commercial solid-phase microextraction device for measuring headspace concentrations of organic volatiles. Anal. Chem. 1997; 69: 364–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartelt R.J. Calibration of a commercial solid-phase microextraction device for measuring headspace concentrations of organic volatiles. Anal. Chem. 1997; 69: 364–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernandez F., Beltran J., Lopez F.J., Gaspar J.V. Use of solidphase microextraction for the quantitative determination of herbicides in soil and water samples. Anal Chem. 2000; 72(10): 2313–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernandez F., Beltran J., Lopez F.J., Gaspar J.V. Use of solidphase microextraction for the quantitative determination of herbicides in soil and water samples. Anal Chem. 2000; 72(10): 2313–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsai S., Wu K. Determination of ethylene oxide by solid-phase microextraction device with on-fiber derivatization. J. Chromatogr. A. 2003; 991: 1–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsai S., Wu K. Determination of ethylene oxide by solid-phase microextraction device with on-fiber derivatization. J. Chromatogr. A. 2003; 991: 1–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsai S.-W., Tsai S.-T., Wang V.-S., Lai J.-S. Laboratory and field validations of a solid-phase microextraction device for the determination of ethylene oxide. J. Chromatogr. A. 2004; 1026: 25–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsai S.-W., Tsai S.-T., Wang V.-S., Lai J.-S. Laboratory and field validations of a solid-phase microextraction device for the determination of ethylene oxide. J. Chromatogr. A. 2004; 1026: 25–30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ueta I., Saito Y., Ghani N.B.A., Ogawa M., Yogo K., Abe A., Shirai S., Jinno K. Rapid determination of ethylene oxide with fiber-packed sample preparation needle. J. Chromatogr. A. 2009; 1216: 2848–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ueta I., Saito Y., Ghani N.B.A., Ogawa M., Yogo K., Abe A., Shirai S., Jinno K. Rapid determination of ethylene oxide with fiber-packed sample preparation needle. J. Chromatogr. A. 2009; 1216: 2848–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Du X., Zhang W., Liu B., Liu T., X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Du X., Zhang W., Liu B., Liu T., Xiao Y., Taniguchi M, Ren Y. Optimization and validation of HS-SPMEGCMS method for determination of multifumigant residues in grain, oilseeds, nuts, and dry fruit. J AOAC Int. 2019; 102: 1877–83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
