<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">toxreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Токсикологический вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7922</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-4611</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2024-32-2-87-98</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">mlfqfg</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">toxreview-818</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка общетоксического субхронического действия наночастиц оксида меди в условиях эксперимента in vivo на крысах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of the general toxic effect of subchronic exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles in an in vivo experiment on rats</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат мед. наук, заведующая лабораторией научных основ билогической профилактики ФБУН «ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП» Роспотребнадзора, 620014 Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ryabovayuvl@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Scientific Foundations of Biological Prevention, FBIS «Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers» Rospotrebnadzor, Ekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ryabovayuvl@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryabovayuvl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2726-9259</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сахаутдинова</surname><given-names>Рената Рашидовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sakhautdinova</surname><given-names>Renata R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат мед. наук, заведующая ДЛО НПО Лабораторно-диагностических технологий, ФБУН «ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, г. Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>е-mail sahautdinova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of DLO NPO Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies, FBIS «Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers» Rospotrebnadzor, Ekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sahautdinova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sahautdinova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-7845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, заведующая отделом токсикологии и биопрофилактики, ФБУН «ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, г. Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>е-mail: ilzira@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Toxicology and Bioprevention, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ilzira@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilzira@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>Марина Петровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, директор ФБУН «ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, г. Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>е-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Director of Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ilzira@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sutunkova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промышленных предприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГАОУ ВО «Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers; Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промышленных предприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промышленных предприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers; Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рябова Ю.В., Сахаутдинова Р.Р., Минигалиева И.А., Сутункова М.П., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рябова Ю.В., Сахаутдинова Р.Р., Минигалиева И.А., Сутункова М.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ryabova Y.V., Sakhautdinova R.R., Minigalieva I.A., Sutunkova M.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/818">https://www.toxreview.ru/jour/article/view/818</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Для современных промышленных предприятий характерно снижение выбросов загрязняющих веществ в воздух рабочей зоны и окружающую среду, что является дополнительным положительным эффектом обновления производственных мощностей. Несмотря на это, проблема воздействия наночастиц (НЧ) остается актуальной, однако фокус внимания мировой науки смещается в сторону токсичности меньших доз.</p><p>Цель исследования — оценка субхронического общетоксического действия наночастиц оксида меди (НЧ CuO) в условиях эксперимента in vivo на беспородных аутбредных крысах-самцах.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Стабильные суспензии наночастиц оксида меди в однократной дозе 1 мг/кг массы тела вводились внутрибрюшинно крысам-самцам 3 раза в неделю в течение 6 нед. По завершении субхронической экспозиции состояние организма животных оценивалось по ряду критериев оценки общетоксического действия, статистическая значимость межгрупповых различий — с помощью t-критерия Стьюдента.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У экспонированных животных были обнаружены нарушения, включающие снижение интенсивности внутриклеточных энергетических процессов, изменения морфофункционального состояния печени, почек и селезенки, в том числе связанные с активацией клеточного иммунитета.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование было ограничено изучением показателей общетоксического действия в экспериментальном исследовании при субхроническом воздействии наночастиц оксида меди на крыс-самцов с использованием только одной дозы.</p></sec><sec><title>Вывод</title><p>Вывод. Выраженность изменений позволяет предположить, что изученная доза по оцененным параметрам общетоксического действия близка к пороговой для крыс.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Работа одобрена Локальным независимым этическим комитетом ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора (протокол № 2 от 20.04.2021).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Рябова Ю.В. — проведение эксперимента, сбор и обработка материала, иллюстрации, написание текста;Сахаутдинова Р.Р. — проведение исследований, сбор и обработка материала, иллюстрации, написание текста;Минигалиева И.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, научное консультирование;Сутункова М.П. — концепция и дизайн исследования, научное консультирование.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Благодарность</title><p>Благодарность. Авторы выражают благодарность коллективу Уральского центра коллективного пользования «Современные нанотехнологии» Уральского федерального университета имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина и лично Шуру Владимиру Яковлевичу — директору УЦКП СН, профессору, доктору фарм. наук за синтез суспензий исследованных наночастиц заданной характеристики на базе УЦКП СН УрФУ.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила в редакцию</title><p>Поступила в редакцию: 25.12.2023 / Принята в печать: 10.03.2024 / Опубликована: 27.04.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Reduced emissions of hazardous pollutants into the ambient and workplace air registered at modern industrial enterprises is an additional positive effect of updating production facilities. The problem of exposure to nanoparticles, however, remains relevant, but the focus of world science is shifting towards the toxicity of lower doses.</p><p>The purpose of the study is to assess the general toxic effect of subchronic exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in an in vivo experiment on outbred male rats.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Stable suspensions of copper oxide nanoparticles were administered to male rats in a single dose of 1 mg/kg body weight thrice a week for six weeks. Health status of the experimental animals was then evaluated by certain criteria to establish the general toxic effect of the subchronic exposure. Student’s t-test was used to assess statistical significance of differences between the exposure and control groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. We found a decrease in the intensity of intracellular energy processes, morphological and functional changes in the liver, kidneys and spleen, including those associated with the activation of cellular immunity in the exposed animals.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study was limited to examining general toxicity in an experimental study of subchronic exposure of male rats to copper oxide nanoparticles using only one dose.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The severity of the changes observed suggests that, judging by the assessed parameters of general toxicity, the dose approximates the threshold one for rats.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 2 of April 20, 2021).</p></sec><sec><title>Аuthors сontribution</title><p>Аuthors сontribution:Ryabova Yu.V. — data collection and analysis, draft manuscript preparation;Sakhautdinova R.R. — data collection and analysis, draft manuscript preparation;Minigalieva I.A. — study conception and design, draft manuscript preparation;Sutunkova M.P. — study conception and design, editing.All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The authors express their gratitude to the team of the Ural Multiple Access Center “Modern Nanotechnologies” of the Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin and personally to its director Vladimir Ya. Shur, Prof., Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), for the synthesis of nanoparticle suspensions.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: December 25, 2023 / Accepted: March 10, 2024 / Published: April 27, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>эксперимент</kwd><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>крысы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>experiment</kwd><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>rats</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anreddy R.N.R. Copper oxide nanoparticles induces oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats following oral exposure. Toxicol. Rep. 2018; 5: 903–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anreddy R.N.R. Copper oxide nanoparticles induces oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats following oral exposure. Toxicol. Rep. 2018; 5: 903–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdelazeim S.A., Shehata N.I., Aly H.F., Shams S.G.E. Amelioration of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in copper oxide nanoparticles-induced liver injury in rats by potent antioxidants. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10(1): 10812. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67784-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdelazeim S.A., Shehata N.I., Aly H.F., Shams S.G.E. Amelioration of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in copper oxide nanoparticles-induced liver injury in rats by potent antioxidants. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10(1): 10812. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67784-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Jong W.H., de Rijk E., Bonetto A., Wohlleben W., Stone V., Brunelli A. et al. Toxicity of copper oxide and basic copper carbonate nanoparticles after short-term oral exposure in rats. Nanotoxicology. 2019; 13(1): 50–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2018.1530390</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Jong W.H., de Rijk E., Bonetto A., Wohlleben W., Stone V., Brunelli A. et al. Toxicity of copper oxide and basic copper carbonate nanoparticles after short-term oral exposure in rats. Nanotoxicology. 2019; 13(1): 50–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2018.1530390</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Privalova L.I., Katsnelson B.A., Loginova N.V., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Y., Valamina I.E. et al. Subchronic toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles and its attenuation with the help of a combination of bioprotectors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014; 15(7): 12379–406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150712379</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Privalova L.I., Katsnelson B.A., Loginova N.V., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Y., Valamina I.E. et al. Subchronic toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles and its attenuation with the help of a combination of bioprotectors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014; 15(7): 12379–406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150712379</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghonimi W.A.M., Alferah M.A.Z., Dahran N., El-Shetry E.S. Hepatic and renal toxicity following the injection of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in mature male Westar rats: histochemical and caspase 3 immunohistochemical reactivities. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2022; 29(54): 81923–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21521-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghonimi W.A.M., Alferah M.A.Z., Dahran N., El-Shetry E.S. Hepatic and renal toxicity following the injection of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in mature male Westar rats: histochemical and caspase 3 immunohistochemical reactivities. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2022; 29(54): 81923–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21521-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minigalieva I.A., Katsnelson B.A., Panov V.G., Privalova L.I., Varaksin A.N., Gurvich V.B. et al. In vivo toxicity of copper oxide, lead oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles acting in different combinations and its attenuation with a complex of innocuous bio-protectors. Toxicology. 2017; 380: 72–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minigalieva I.A., Katsnelson B.A., Panov V.G., Privalova L.I., Varaksin A.N., Gurvich V.B. et al. In vivo toxicity of copper oxide, lead oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles acting in different combinations and its attenuation with a complex of innocuous bio-protectors. Toxicology. 2017; 380: 72–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang H.S., Chang H.H. Platelets in inflammation and immune modulations: functions beyond hemostasis. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz). 2012; 60(6): 443–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-012-0193-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang H.S., Chang H.H. Platelets in inflammation and immune modulations: functions beyond hemostasis. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz). 2012; 60(6): 443–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-012-0193-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Angelé-Martínez C., Nguyen K.V.T., Ameer F.S., Anker J.N., Brumaghim J.L. Reactive oxygen species generation by copper(II) oxide nanoparticles determined by DNA damage assays and EPR spectroscopy. Nanotoxicology. 2017; 11(2): 278–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1293750</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Angelé-Martínez C., Nguyen K.V.T., Ameer F.S., Anker J.N., Brumaghim J.L. Reactive oxygen species generation by copper(II) oxide nanoparticles determined by DNA damage assays and EPR spectroscopy. Nanotoxicology. 2017; 11(2): 278–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1293750</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho W.S., Duffin R., Poland C.A., Duschl A., Oostingh G.J., Macnee W. et al. Differential pro-inflammatory effects of metal oxide nanoparticles and their soluble ions in vitro and in vivo; zinc and copper nanoparticles, but not their ions, recruit eosinophils to the lungs. Nanotoxicology. 2012; 6(1): 22–35. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.552810</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho W.S., Duffin R., Poland C.A., Duschl A., Oostingh G.J., Macnee W. et al. Differential pro-inflammatory effects of metal oxide nanoparticles and their soluble ions in vitro and in vivo; zinc and copper nanoparticles, but not their ions, recruit eosinophils to the lungs. Nanotoxicology. 2012; 6(1): 22–35. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.552810</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chevalier R.L. The proximal tubule is the primary target of injury and progression of kidney disease: role of the glomerulotubular junction. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2016; 311(1): F145–61. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00164.2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chevalier R.L. The proximal tubule is the primary target of injury and progression of kidney disease: role of the glomerulotubular junction. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2016; 311(1): F145–61. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00164.2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blanchard C., Rothenberg M.E. Biology of the eosinophil. Adv. Immunol. 2009; 101: 81–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(08)01003-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blanchard C., Rothenberg M.E. Biology of the eosinophil. Adv. Immunol. 2009; 101: 81–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(08)01003-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaetke L.M., Chow C.K. Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology. 2003; 189(1–2): 147–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00159-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaetke L.M., Chow C.K. Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology. 2003; 189(1–2): 147–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00159-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сутункова М.П. Экспериментальное изучение токсического действия металлосодержащих наночастиц на предприятиях чёрной и цветной металлургии и оценка риска для здоровья работающих. Гигиена и санитария. 2017; 96(12): 1182–7. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2017-96-12-1182-1187</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sutunkova M.P. Experimental studies of toxic effects’ of metallic nanoparticles at iron and nonferrous industries and risk assessment for workers` health. Gigiena i sanitariya. 2017; 96(12): 1182-1187 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2017-96-12-1182-1187</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo C., Sun L., Chen X., Zhang D. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen. Res. 2013; 8(21): 2003–14. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.21.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo C., Sun L., Chen X., Zhang D. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen. Res. 2013; 8(21): 2003–14. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.21.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He H., Zou Z., Wang B., Xu G., Chen C., Qin X. et al. Copper oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and cell death via copper ion-mediated P38 MAPK activation in vascular endothelial cells. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2020; 15: 3291–3302. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S241157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He H., Zou Z., Wang B., Xu G., Chen C., Qin X. et al. Copper oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and cell death via copper ion-mediated P38 MAPK activation in vascular endothelial cells. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2020; 15: 3291–3302. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S241157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rustin P., Munnich A., Rӧtig A. Succinate dehydrogenase and human diseases: new insights into a well-known enzyme. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2002; 10(5): 289–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200793</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rustin P., Munnich A., Rӧtig A. Succinate dehydrogenase and human diseases: new insights into a well-known enzyme. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2002; 10(5): 289–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200793</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
