Принципы оценки генотоксичности углеродсодержащих наноматериалов in vitro (на примере углеродных нанотрубок) (обзор литературы)

Введение. Вопрос генотоксического действия наноматериалов на клетки вызывает основное беспокойство при исследовании новых наноматериалов, имея в виду их безопасность. Каждый мутаген считается потенциально канцерогенным, поэтому оценка генотоксичности необходима. Однако чёткая стратегия оценки генотоксического действия наноматериалов до сих пор не разработана. 

Материал и методы. Материалом для анализа послужили источники литературы из библиографических баз PubMed, Scopus, РИНЦ. 

Результаты. Физико-химическую характеризацию наноматериалов проводят с помощью микроскопических методов высокого разрешения, методов светорассеяния. Перед проведением тестирования на генотоксичность необходимо знать цитотоксичность тестируемых НМ, чтобы выбрать соответствующий диапазон концентраций. Наиболее важные и значимые тесты основаны на определении жизнеспособности клеток. Популярным является МТТ-тест — колориметрический тест, оценивающий метаболическую активность клеток. Кроме него жизнеспособность можно определять с помощью микроскопии, проточной цитометрии, определения лактатдегидрогеназы. Только после предварительных этапов можно приступать к оценке генотоксичности. Набор тестов должен охватывать повреждения ДНК, генные мутации, хромосомные повреждения как чувствительные точки генотоксичности. Тест на мутацию генов млекопитающих in vitro обычно проводится с использованием клеток лимфомы мышей и выявляет широкий спектр генетических повреждений, включая делецию генов. Наиболее распространённым тестом для выявления хромосомных повреждений является анализ микроядер in vitro. Разрывы цепей ДНК чаще всего оцениваются с помощью теста ДНК-комет.

Заключение. Обязательными этапами изучения генотоксичности наноматериалов должны быть предварительные исследования, включающие физико-химическую характеризацию и оценку цитотоксичности, а также изучение не только конечных точек генотоксичности, но и потенциально возможных механизмов.

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