Introduction. Aflatoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus fungi, with strong carcinogenic and immunosuppressive properties. Their genotoxicity arises from the formation of reactive epoxides during metabolic activation by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 cytochrome enzymes. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a critical role in regulating aflatoxin metabolism and cellular response to toxicity.

This study investigates the genotoxic effects of aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁) with a focus on its interaction with CYP450 enzymes and AhR, and its impact on DNA repair and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepaRG cells.

Material and methods. Cellular toxicity of AFG₁ was assessed using xCELLigence RTCA impedance analysis, which revealed an LC₅₀ value of 9.79 µM. DNA repair activity was analyzed using the Luminex xMAP multiplex technology. The study also evaluated the effects of AhR agonists (FICZ, ITE), an antagonist (CH223191), and CYP inhibitors (α-naphthoflavone for CYP1A2, ketoconazole for CYP3A4) on AFG₁-induced genotoxicity.

Results. AhR ligands exhibited moderate cytoprotective effects, increasing cell viability under AFG₁ exposure. In contrast, CYP inhibitors more effectively reduced activation of DNA repair proteins. The protective role of AhR ligands may involve competitive binding with AFG₁ and modulation of downstream signaling.

Limitations. The study was conducted using a cell culture model; extrapolation of the findings to the whole organism requires consideration of toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic data.

Conclusion. These findings highlight the pivotal role of CYP enzymes and AhR in shaping the genotoxic profile of AFG₁.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require approval from a biomedical ethics committee or any other related documentation.

Authors’ contribution:
Perevoznikov I.E. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Rogovskaya N.Yu. – collection and processing of material;
Malygina D.A. – collection and processing of material;
Beltyukov P.P. – the concept and design of the study, editing;
Babakov V.N. – the concept and design of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 21, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. Benz[a]pyrene is one of the most dangerous carcinogens of group I according to the IARC classification; it is metabolically activated by enzymes of the cytochrome system P450 (CYP) with the formation of reactive metabolites capable of damaging cells and DNA, which leads to carcinogenesis. The HepaRG cell line, which exhibits active enzymes of phases I and II of biotransformation, serves as a model for studying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) metabolism and evaluating the effect of CYP modulators ketoconazole, α-naphthoflavone and 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) on cell metabolism and the possibility of cytoprotection when exposed to benz[a]pyrene.

The aim of the study was to evaluate metabolic changes under the cytoprotective action of ketoconazole, α-naphthoflavone and FICZ against the background of benz[a]pyrene toxicity in the HepaRG cell line model.

Material and methods. To identify metabolomic biomarkers of PAH intoxication in HepaRG cells, changes in the metabolomic profile were analyzed using high-resolution chromatographic mass spectrometry. Potential biomarkers were identified through statistical data analysis methods.

Results. The possibility of using a metabolomic analysis of conditioned media to identify markers of benz[a]pyrene exposure and evaluate the effects of CYP modulators in vitro using the HepaRG cell line has been shown. Changes in the metabolomic profile of conditioned media after exposure to benz[a]pyrene on HepaRG cells in the presence of α-naphthoflavone indicate a decrease of the PAHs toxic effect on cells.

Limitations. The study was performed in vitro on a cell culture without analyzing the dose-dependent changes in the metabolome after exposure to the compounds studied and does not allow extrapolating the results obtained to a living organism.

Conclusion. According to the results of the metabolomic profiling of the HepaRG cellular media, a number of metabolomic markers were identified: 5-hydroxytryptophol, lysophosphatides, arginine and glutamic acid, which indicate the cytoprotective effect of α-naphthoflavone against the background of the toxic effect of benz[a]pyrene.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Authors’ contribution:
Ilyushonok S.K. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Rogovskaya N.Yu. – collection of material, writing a text;
Gladchuk A.S. – editing;
Sharapov Ya.A. – writing a text;
Perevoznikov I.E. – writing a text;
Beltyukov P.P. – data processing and interpretation, text editing;
Podolskaya E.P. – research concept and design;
Babakov V.N. – the concept and design of the study, editing.
All co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The work was carried out within the framework of the state contract (2224388100182000000000000/25.456.22.9), cipher “Monitoring-SOZ”.

Received: August 08, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. For the first time, the concept was introduced and a theoretical justification was carried out for the values of “biomarkers’ control levels” (BCL) of a number of harmful chemicals, the excess of which indicates an increased chemical risk to the health of workers and can serve as the basis for predictive industrial medicine and personalization of approaches to medical examination.

The aim of the study was to substantiate, using literature data, indicative control levels of biomarkers of harmful chemicals of organic nature: ethylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, trichloroethane, phenol, tri- and tetrachloroethylene, di- and tetrachloromethane, benzene, toluene, styrene, dimethylbenzenes, mixtures of limit hydrocarbons C₆H₁₄–C₁₀H₂₂, vinyl chloride, butanol-1, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide and N-nitrosodimethylamine.

Material and methods. The initial data for substantiation were obtained from scientific articles, monographs, materials from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, USA), the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances containing information on the physico-chemical properties, toxicity and hazards of chemicals.

Results. The substantiation of the approximate control levels of biomarkers of hazardous chemicals is carried out in two ways: first – by analyzing the literature data on the content of biomarkers in the biological environments of the body working in industrial conditions with different exposure levels to establish mathematical relationships between parameters that can be extrapolated to the OEL level; second – by analyzing literature data on the content of endogenous biomarkers in the biological environment of the body, the excess of which can serve as a criterion for classifying as a group of workers whose health is at increased chemical risk.

Limitations. The control levels were justified only for a number of organic compounds using literature data on the observed concentrations of substances in the air of the work area and concentrations in the biological environments of workers.

Conclusion. In this work, the concept of reference levels of biomarkers of hazardous chemicals in the blood and urine of workers in harmful working conditions is introduced for the first time. The rationale for the control levels of biomarkers of 17 hazardous chemicals of an organic nature, which make up a significant part of the chemical burden on employees of domestic industry enterprises, is proposed.

Compliance with ethical standards: This study does not require approval by the ethics committee.

Аuthors’ сontribution:
Ukolov A.I., Radilov A.S. – сoncept and design of the study;
Orlova O.I. – data collection and processing;
Ukolov A.I., Orlova O.I. – writing the text;
BarinovV.A., Radilov A.S. – editing.
All co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The authors are grateful to S.V. Tryashkin, Deputy Head of the Department of Scientific and Technological Support for Chemical, Biological and Radiation Safety of the FMBA of Russia, for valuable comments on the goals and principles of substantiating biomarker levels.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 12, 2025 / Revised: September 15, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. The problem of identifying bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in pharmaceutical substances and reagents remains relevant. recently, it was shown that the TLR4-PTEN/PI3K/AKT/NF-kB signaling pathway participates in neuroinflammation in rat hippocampal neurons after exposure to i LPS. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between the amount of LPS and its effect on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in human neurons. To confirm the theory and to search for changes in cytokine/chemokines levels at the protein level, we selected the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell culture as one of the most studied neural models.

The aim of the study was to analyze the secretome (cytokines / chemokines, and growth factors) involved in triggering cytokine synthesis in neurons from the culture of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y after the action of lipopolysaccharides Salmonella typhosa.

Material and methods. To evaluate the concentrations of cytokines / chemokines, and growth factors in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma culture cells after exposure to LPS, we utilized a multi-parameter immunofluorescence method. Potential biomarkers were identified through statistical data analysis methods.

Results. The effect of LPS from Salmonella typhosa on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell culture led to changes in cytokine / chemokine secretion at the protein level from the first to the fourth day after LPS administration.

Limitations. An in vitro study on cell culture has shown the dependence of the cytokine/chemokine secretome on the studied compounds, but the results cannot be extrapolated to a living organism.

Conclusion. The presence of dose-dependent effects of bacterial endotoxins on cell cultures allows us to consider “determination of marker cytokine levels” as a possible method for quantitative analysis of LPS levels.

Compliance with ethical standards. the study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contributions:
Skvortsov N.V. – collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Rogovskaya N.Yu. – collection of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Beltyukov P.P. – data processing and interpretation, text editing;
Babakov V.N. – the concept and design of the study, editing.
All co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 21, 2025 / Revised: September 9, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

The implementation of omix technologies in various fields of medicine has been accelerating in recent years and is extremely relevant for industrial medicine. The identification of biomarkers that identify predictors of pathology, as well as individual sensitivity to harmful working conditions, helps reduce occupational health risks.

The article analyzes 84 literary sources devoted to the problems of biomonitoring in the context of the application of methods of metabolomicsin the field of industrial medicine.

Based on the analysis of data from both foreign and domestic literary sources, including articles in research journals, monographs, and guidelines, data on the use of metabolomics methods in medicine have been collected and analyzed. The prospects of this direction are revealed. The existing advantages and limitations of metabolomicsin the field of occupational health are considered.

The use of metabolomics methods opens up broad prospects in the field of personalized medicine. Monitoring the metabolic parameters of workers engaged in harmful industries makes a significant contribution to ensuring the safety of work and makes it possible to identify premorbid conditions, thereby reducing the likelihood of complications during the course of the disease.

Authors’ contribution:
Orlova O.I. – collecting literary data, writing a test, editing;
Ukolov A.I., Radilov A.S. – editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The author declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 14, 2025 / Revised: September 09, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. Soil is an important element of the city’s ecological system. Therefore, in the russian federation and european countries, in-depth studies are being conducted to substantiate permissible levels of soil exposure for most known metals. The level of environmental pollution varies in different parts of the city and may depend on the distance from the source of pollution, such as an industrial enterprise. The studied industrial center of the russian federation has areas that differ in functional use and purpose, including a large industrial enterprise, which is one of the key complexes of russian chemical production.

The purpose of this study is to determine the content of a number of metals (mercury, lead, zinc, arsenic, chromium, nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, barium, vanadium) in the soil of different areas of one of the industrial centers of the Russian Federation.

Material and methods. The paper presents the results of determining chemical elements (metals) in the soil of different urban areas of one of the industrial centers of the Russian Federation. Soil samples taken in 10 areas of the city were analyzed for quantitative content of metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The samples were collected over a period of two years; the research method was inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results. The results of the study showed that in all the studied areas of the city, metal contents (Pb, Zn, Cu and As) were found that exceeded the permissible levels approved in the Russian Federation, which indicates a potential threat to the health of the population living in these territories.

Limitation. The use of these research methods is possible only in a specially equipped laboratory with qualified personnel.

Conclusion. The detected concentrations emphasize the importance of regular monitoring of the content of hazardous metals in the soil. An opinion has been formed on the need to take measures to reduce chemical pollution and the impact on the environment and to continue research, especially in those areas where excess exposure levels have been identified. The standards (maximum permissible concentrations) approved in the Russian Federation and similar standards (maximum permissible concentrations) of the Netherlands are compared.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Authors’ contribution:
Varioshkin P.N. – concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, statistical processing, writing the text;
Lukovnikova L.V. – data processing, writing;
Reynyuk V.L. – data processing, editing;
Kombarova M.Yu. – collection of material and data processing, statistical processing;
Kuznetsov S.V. – collection of material and data processing, statistical processing;
Yatselenko Yu.V. – data processing, editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding. The study was supported by the Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology of the FMBA of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.

Received: August 21, 2025 / Revised: September 03, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. The intensive development of the space industry has led to serious environmental contamination by rocket fuel components, in particular, heptyl and its degradation products, the most toxic and dangerous of which is nitrosodimethylamine.

In order to ensure federal state sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over the content of this substance in reservoirs within the framework of hygienic rationing, it is necessary to conduct appropriate studies to assess organoleptic, general sanitary and toxicological signs of harmfulness in conditions of single exposure.

Material and methods. Nitrosodimethylamine (N-methyl-N-nitrosomethanamine, dimethylnitrosamine, NDMA, C₂H₆N₂O), CAS number 62-75-9, with a specific gravity of d₄²⁰ = 1,005 g/cm³, a mass fraction of 98% and a molecular weight of 74.08 was used as the object of research. It is well soluble in water.

Results. It was found that nitrosodimethylamine does not change the organoleptic properties of water. At the same time, the negative effect of the compound on the general sanitary characteristics of water (processes of biochemical oxygen consumption, nitrification, viability of saprophytic microflora) was revealed. The lowest threshold concentration of the substance for this indicator of harmfulness was 0.1 mg/l.

With a single intragastric injection to male rats, the tested xenobiotic caused a significant decrease in the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. The threshold for a single general toxic effect of the toxicant is set at 0.38 mg/kg.

Limitations. The identified features of the NDMA behavior must be taken into account when it once pollutes the water of reservoirs (in case of an emergency). However, the data obtained are insufficient to substantiate the hygienic standards of compounds in the water of water bodies.

Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that the ingress of the compound into the water is an ecological and toxicological hazard, registered according to two basic signs of harmfulness. The revealed features of the negative effect of nitrosodimethylamine are taken into account when substantiating its MPC in the water of reservoirs.

Compliance with ethical standards. The experimental study was approved by the independent ethics committee at the Research Institute of General Pathology of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia (protocol No. 1 dated January 20, 2022).

Contribution:
Novikova O.N. – editing;
Maslennikov А.А. – the concept and design of the research, the analysis of the results, writing the text;
Demidova S.A. – planning and execution of the research;
Vasenko E.A. – statistical data processing;
Dulov S.A. – the concept and design of the research, analysis of the results, editing;
Zemlyanoy A.V., Yerunova N.V. – analysis of the results, editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Funding. The study was conducted within the framework of a State contract "Experimental substantiation of the maximum permissible concentration of nitrosodimethylamine in the water of water bodies for household and drinking, cultural and domestic water use".

Received: September 17, 2025 / Revised: September 29, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. Due to the long-term use of asymmetric dimethylhydrazine as a component of rocket fuel, there seems to be a relevant problem with its contamination of environmental objects and its negative effects on those who come into contact with it. In order to carry out federal state sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over the content of this substance in the water of reservoirs, it is necessary to establish appropriate hygienic regulations providing for a complex of organoleptic, general sanitary and toxicological studies.

Material and methods. The object of research was an asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (heptyl, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (CH₃)₂N₂H₂, CAS No. 57-14-7) with a mass fraction of 99% and a specific gravity of d₄²⁰ = 0.7914 g/cm³. Heptyl is well soluble in water.

Results. It has been established that the toxicant, without causing changes in organoleptic properties, has a negative impact on a number of general sanitary characteristics of this ecosystem: biochemical oxygen consumption, nitrification processes, saprophytic microflora. The lowest threshold concentration of the compound for this hazard indicator was 3.0·10^-5 mg/l.

A single intragastric injection of an aqueous solution of heptyl into the body of female rats, subject to storage for 30 days, at different periods of exposure to the substance caused individual violations of homeostasis. The greatest toxic effect was noted after the solution was soaked for 1 day.

Limitations. The identified behavioral features of heptyl must be taken into account when it once pollutes the water of reservoirs (in case of an emergency). However, the data obtained are insufficient to substantiate the hygienic standards of compounds in the water of water bodies.

Conclusion. The results of the performed studies indicate that the ingress of asymmetric dimethylhydrazine into the water represents an ecological and toxicological hazard, registered by two basic signs of harmfulness, which is taken into account when justifying the MPC of the compound in the water of reservoirs.

Compliance with ethical standards. The experimental study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee at the Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology and Occupational Pathology of the FMBA of Russia (Protocol No. 2 dated June 18, 2024).

Authors’ contribution:
Demidova S.A. – planning and execution of the research;
Maslennikov A.A. – concept and design of the research, analysis of the results, writing the text;
Gorshenin A.V. – collection and processing of the material;
Agaev H.S.S. – statistical data processing;
Novikova O.N. – editing;
Dulov S.A. – concept and design of the research, analysis of the results, editing;
Kucherskoy S.A. – analysis of the results, editing;
Oskina D.G. – analysis of the results, editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Funding. The study was conducted within the framework of the state program of the Russian Federation “Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation”

Received: September 17, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic whose cytotoxic action arises from its intercalating and alkylating effects upon interaction with DNA, leading to double-strand breaks. β-naphthoflavone (βNF) is a synthetic flavonoid, an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) that promotes the transactivation of cytochromes CYP1A, including CYP1A1 – cytochrome, involved in the metabolism of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The activity of CYP1A1 determines the rate of formation of reactive PAH metabolites and the degree of DNA damage in cells. Dox metabolism is believed to involve multiple enzymes, including CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Inbred C57Bl/6 and DBA/2 mice are characterized by AhR features that determine the differences in the response of animals of different lines to the toxic effects of PAHs.

The aim of the study was to assess the degree of DNA damage in spermatogenic epithelial cells according to immunofluorescence analysis of phosphorylated histone γН2АХ in male mice of two inbred strains differing in AhR inducibility when exposed to an AhR agonist (βNF) and Dox.

Material and methods. The toxic effects of Dox on the spermatogenic epithelium after a single intraperitoneal injection (i. p.) at a dose of 10 mg/kg were evaluated in male mice of the DBA/2 and C57Bl/6 strains. Half of the experimental animals of each strain received βNF (50 mg/kg, i. p.) for 4 consecutive days before treatment with Dox. Assessment of DNA damage in testicular cells was performed based on the results of immunofluorescence analysis for the γН2АХ biomarker.

Results. According to the results of qualitative and quantitative assessment of DNA damage in the cells of the spermatogenic epithelium, based on the immunofluorescence analysis of γН2АХ biomarker, differences in the response of the two murine strains used to the effects of Dox were shown. Preconditioning of animals using βNF contributes to a statistically significant increase in the proportion of cells with double DNA breaks in the testes of males of the C57Bl/6 strain, and does not affect the increase in the proportion of such cells in males of DBA/2.

Limitations. The study was performed using immunofluorescence analysis for the purpose of qualitative and quantitative assessment of DNA damage in the cells of the spermatogenic epithelium after exposure to toxic agents in experimental mice in vivo and does not allow taking into account all possible effects of the substances studied on the processes occurring in the mouse testes.

Conclusion. The results of the study suggest that there is dependence between preconditioning of animals with βNF and an increase in the ratio of cells with DNA damage in the testes of C57Bl/6 mice. No such relationship was found for the DBA/2 mice. Due to the multiplicity of βNF influence on the activity of the xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, the revealed differences in the response of two different strains to Dox exposure after pre-treatment with βNF can be explained not only by the reduced inducibility of AhR in DBA/2 mice, but also by non-obvious effects associated with the effects of βNF on other protein targets in genetically different animals.

Compliance with ethical standards. A positive conclusion was received from the Commission on Biomedical Ethics of the Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology of the FMBA of Russia. (Protocol No. 2 dated December 16, 2022).

Authors’ contribution:
Golubentseva Yu.V. – collecting material, statistical analysis, text writing;
Popov V.B. – research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Beltyukov P.P. – data analysis and interpretation, text editing.
All co–authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 21, 2025 / Revised: September 16, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. In order to ensure the federal state sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over the degree of contamination by toxicants of facilities where chemical weapons have been eliminated, it is necessary to have appropriate hygienic standards. However, for the most toxic and hazardous among the products of the destruction of toxic substances, 2-chlorvinylarsinoxide, there is no experimentally justified maximum permissible concentration of its content in the water of reservoirs. At the same time, the chronic toxicity of the compound, which is a key section in the development of this safety standard, has not been investigated.

Material and methods. The object of research was 2-chlorvinylarsinoxide (lewisite oxide, C₂H₂ClAsE, CAS No. 3088-37-7). Specific gravity: d₄²⁰ = 1.524 g/cm³; mass fraction of the substance – 96%. It is formed during the hydrolysis of lewisite, is poorly soluble in water, and has high stability.

Results. Chronic intragastric intake of lewisite oxide into the rat body at doses of 0.05 mg/kg, 0.015 mg/kg and 0.005 mg/kg was accompanied by changes in the complex of indicators. At the same time, a linear dose-effective dependence was registered. Thus, the maximum number of statistically significant changes was detected when exposed to a chemical agent at the highest level and amounted to 18, of which 5 had bisigmal deviations from similar indicators in the control group. In the second experimental group, a decrease in the toxic effect was recorded, as evidenced by 12 significant shifts in indicators, two of which exceeded two sigma relative to the control. In the third experimental group of rats, the ratio under consideration was 5/0, and significant deviations in the indicators mainly had unidirectional residual signs of the general toxic effect of the compound, which is characteristic of it in higher doses.

Limitations. The study of the chronic toxicity of lewisite oxide does not provide for an assessment of its long-term effects.

Conclusion. Based on the current diagnostic criteria, the compound dose of 0.005 mg/kg is accepted as the threshold for chronic general toxic effects. The revealed features of the negative effect of lewisite oxide are taken into account when substantiating its MPC in the water of reservoirs.

Compliance with ethical standards: The experimental study was approved by the independent ethics committee at the Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology and Occupational Pathology of the FMBA of Russia (Protocol No. 3 dated December 11, 2023).

Authors’ contribution:
Maslennikov А.А. – concept and design of the research, analysis of the results, writing the text;
Khodykina N.V. – planning and execution of the research;
Grishina M.A. – statistical data processing;
Velikorodnaya Yu.I. – collection and processing of the material;
Novikova O.N. – editing;
Dulov S.A. – concept and design of the research, analysis of the results, editing;
Zemlyanoy A.V., Yerunova N.V., Kucherskoy S.A. – analysis of the results, editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Funding. The study was conducted within the framework of the State contract "Experimental studies to substantiate the maximum permissible concentration of chlorvinylarsinoxide in the water of water bodies for household, drinking, cultural and domestic water use".

Received: September 17, 2025 / Revised: September 29, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025